鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区3种涉禽行为比较

Comparison of Wintering Behaviors among Three Wading Birds at Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve,Poyang Lake

2014年12月至2015年3月,对鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区同域分布的3种涉禽——白鹤（Leucogeranus leucogeranus）、苍鹭（Ardea cinerea）和白琵鹭（Platalea leucorodia）的越冬行为进行了比较研究。白鹤的主要行为是取食（82.60±6.57）%和警戒（10.38±3.93）%,其取食行为发生频次比例远高于苍鹭[（8.62±4.84）%]和白琵鹭[（25.70±25.15）%],造成这种差异的原因是：1边走边取食的白鹤和白琵鹭在取食时,比苍鹭消耗更多的能量,它们通过花费更多的取食时间,来弥补能量的消耗,2植食性动物（白鹤）相对于肉食性动物（苍鹭和白琵鹭）需投入大量时间摄取食物,才能获得足够的能量收入;白琵鹭和苍鹭的主要行为包括静栖和取食,但白琵鹭取食所占的比例高于苍鹭,静栖所占比例低于苍鹭,表明白琵鹭和苍鹭对能量的获取和消耗存在一定的权衡,分别采取不同的行为对策。3种涉禽行为节律的研究结果显示,1白鹤仅警戒无显著节律变化,其余各行为节律都变化显著,各时段的取食行为频次比例较高;2苍鹭的静栖和取食无显著节律变化,各时段的取食发生频次比例较低;3白琵鹭的取食表现出早晨（7：00-7：59）、傍晚（17：00-）发生频次比例较大,静栖发生频次比例峰值出现在13：00-13：59。3种涉禽取食高峰时段不同步,利于它们获得最大化的适合度,在一定程度上降低了种间竞争,避免了食物资源利用的激烈竞争,以达到共存。

The behavior patterns of the three sympatric, commonly coexisting wading birds Siberian crane（Leucogeranus leucogeranus）, Grey heron（Ardea cinerea） and Eurasian spoonbill（Platalea leucorodia） were comparatively studied at Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve, Poyang Lake, Jiangxi province, from December2014 to March 2015. The main behaviors of the Siberian crane were foraging（82.60 ± 6.57）% and vigilance（10.38±3.93）%, whose foraging behavior was more frequent than those of the other two wading birds（Grey heron（81.05±7.42）%, Eurasian spoonbill（63.30±28.77）%）. What made the differences were（1） the Siberian crane and Eurasian spoonbill needed to consume more energy than the Grey heron because they are walking while foraging and in a fair to make up for the energy consumption by the time consumption;（2） compared with flesh-eating species（Grey heron, Eurasian spoonbill）, the plant-eating species（Siberian crane） needed more time to take for food to accumulate sufficient energy. The main behaviors of the Grey heron and Eurasian spoonbill were resting and foraging, but the extremely significant differences found between this two birds were, the Eurasian spoonbill＇s foraging percentage was higher than that of Grey heron, the Grey heron＇s resting percentage（（81.05±7.42）%） was higher than that of Eurasian spoonbill（（63.30±28.77）%）, which indicated that these species might balance the energy consumption and acquirement, and then took corresponding behavior strategy. The study showed that（1） the vigilance behavior of the Siberian crane had no significant rhythm, and the percentage of foraging was relatively higher in each period;（2） the foraging and resting of the Grey heron occurred with no rhythm, and its foraging was less frequent in each period;（3） the Eurasian spoonbill＇s foraging behavior peaked in the morning（seven to fifty-nine past seven） and evening（seventeen to）, and the resting behavior peaked at thirteen-one to fourteen. This three wading birds＇ rhythm benefited their coexistence, somehow reduce inter-specific competition for food resources among the three wading birds.