日本近代两次对外战争对学校体育的影响

Effect of the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War on Japanese School Physical Education

甲午战争和日俄战争是导致近代中日两国历史剧变的两次重要战争,对中日两国社会和学校体育的发展都产生了巨大影响。20世纪90年代以来,日本学术界曾盛行甲午战争"偶发论",为驳此论,采用文献资料法,依据大量日文史料梳理日本学校体育随2次对外侵略战争而发生重大转变的过程,分析两次战争对日本学校体育的重要影响,以及学校体育为战争胜利而发挥的特殊作用,从体育角度证实了甲午战争是日本长期准备并精心谋划的。认为甲午战争和日俄战争是日本近代学校体育的重大转折点,学校体育从此由培养现代化人才的途径转变为为扩军备战服务的工具,并对20世纪日本乃至中国的学校体育都产生了深远影响。学校体育作为甲午、日俄战前日本精心备战的环节之一,为日本2次获胜有效发挥了军事预备教育的作用,但也影响了自身的正常发展,留下了深刻的历史教训。

The First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War are the two important wars which led to the modern historical upheaval of China and Japan,and also have important effect on their school physical education. The viewpoint that the First Sino-Japanese War is an accident and has prevailed in Japanese academic circles since1990 s. To criticize this viewpoint,this paper analyzed Japanese school physical education changes,by a large number of Japanese language materials,after the two big wars and the latter＇s great influence on the former. Special function of school physical education for Japanese victory had also been considered. This research confirmed that the First Sino-Japanese War was long planed by Japanese government from physical education aspect. The First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War were the two turning points of Japanese school physical education that its target changed from modern talents cultivation to army expansion and war preparation. This also had a great influence on the 20 th century Japanese and China school physical education. As a part preparing for the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War,school physical education exerted a military preparation education function,but its development was affected. This was a deep historical lesson.