国际投资争端中涉文化争端的法律问题研究——以公平公正待遇与征收条款的适用为视角

On Legal Issues of International Investment Disputes Involving Cultural Elements

公平公正待遇与征收补偿规定是国际投资协定中的基本条款,也是涉及文化保护的国际投资争端中的争议焦点。前者广泛存在于媒体领域等带有文化因素的国际投资案例,后者目前主要出现在与文化遗产保护相关的投资争端中。公平公正待遇并不限制东道国基于文化产业特性采取特殊规制的权利,但要求通过透明及可预期的国内政策法规体系来保证文化投资者的合理预期,国内措施在实施层面应保证具体程序的非歧视与不武断。大多数投资协定都对征收行为设定了公共利益保护的合法条件,以UNESCO相关公约所确立的文化遗产保护的国际法义务正日益成为东道国将保护文化作为公共利益选择的国际法依据。一方面,对文化遗产间接征收的认定上,纯粹效果标准占据了主流;另一方面在补偿义务及标准的确定上,并不能因保护文化遗产而豁免于补偿义务,但可以考虑因此而削减补偿数额。

The rules of fair and equitable treatment and expropriation are the basic provisions of international investment agreements and the focus referring to cultural protection in international investment disputes. The fair and equitable treatment rule is often the issue discussed in international investment cases on media, but the expropriation rule is always the centre in international investment cases related with cultural heritage. The host state has the authority of taking specifi c measures to regulate the cultural industry, but the rational expectation of investors should be guaranteed through the transparent and expectable domestic polices and laws. There is a public interest requirement as a legal condition of expropriation in most BITs. And the UNESCO conventions on cultural heritage are the best international legal basis for host states to protect culture. In related awards of most international investment arbitrations, the pure effect standard is often applied in determining the indirect expropriation, on the other hand, the cultural consideration may be the acceptable reason of reducing the compensation amount.