从“草畜承包”看牧民碎片化生产与封禁式生态保护——内蒙古特村的实地研究

The Herdsman's Fragmented Production and Closed Ecological Protection under the Contract of Pasture and Livestock

随着"家庭承包责任制"的实施与推广,内蒙古大部分农牧区从20世纪80年代中期开始,经历了牲畜和草场分到户的"草畜承包"活动。在承包政策的引导下,草原牧民开始定居定牧,形成了以户为生产单位的碎片化生产模式。草畜承包的政策初衷是通过产权私有化实现公平和经济增长,然而自从承包以后,牧民遇到了生产成本增加、草场退化、邻里矛盾加剧等困惑。本研究以内蒙古东部的特村为例,试图阐释这种分散经营模式给草原牧民带来的困境与他们为了维持生产而采取的生态保护措施。本研究发现,为了避免自家草场的过度退化,特村牧民主动采取了外租草场和内建围栏的措施:他们通过外租草场控制自家草场的载畜量,以维持日常生产,通过内建围栏保留了一片"生态型草场"。这是他们面对日益退化的草原,主动采取的一种封禁式生态保护措施。在此基础上,本文从"草畜承包"的产权私有化角度,对其草原牧区的适应性作了简单的探讨。

From the beginning of the 1980＇s, most of the agricultural and pastoral areas in Inner Mon- golia experienced the contracting of pasture and livestock with the implementation of the Household Con- tract Responsibility System. Under the guidance of this policy, herdsmen began to settle in grassland and formed a fragmented production mode. The intention of the policy was to promote economic growth and to achieve fairness through privatization of property rights. However, herdsman faced some problems, e.g. costs of production have increased, pasture has degenerated, and neighborhood relations were worsened The article tries to interpret what difficulties this decentralized production model has brought and the eco- logical protection measures that herdsman adopted to maintain production through field research in Te Vii- lage. The study finds that the herdsman in Te Village started to lease other pasture and set up fences in their own pasture. And they kept the ecological pasture to cope with degeneration of grassland.