国际共产主义运动史纲(从19世纪中叶到21世纪初)(连载之十一) 第一个社会主义国家苏联苦难奠基(上)

Soviet Union,the First Socialist State Laid its Foundation in Trials and Tribulations

苏维埃国家建立后,以列宁为首的俄国共产党领导执政六年(1917.11—1924.1),大体上可分为前后三年两个时期。前三年多主要是建立并加强新型国家,应对并战胜国内反革命叛乱和外国武装干涉,后三年才开始恢复国民经济并进行社会主义建设。其间,国家历经十次政治危机(包括军事危机、经济危机、文化危机和党内危机)。党和国家在千辛万苦、千难万险中战胜十次危机,使国家转危为安,化险为夷,实施新经济政策、新政治政策和新文化政策为第一个社会主义国家苦难奠基,并且创造性地发展了科学社会主义理论。列宁在最后口授文稿中对苏联一国建设社会主义和推进世界社会主义提出了新见解,列宁领导执政六年也遗留下五大难题,对以后苏联的发展和衰亡深有影响。

The Russian Communist Party headed by Lenin was in power after the founding of the Soviet Union. The six years （from November 1917 to January 1924） during his office can be divided into two phases, the first three years and the latter three years. During the first three years, the party focused on establishing and consolida- ting the new state, dealing with and combating counter - revolutionary insurgencies both home and abroad as well as foreign military interventions ; and during the latter three years it shifted its focus to the recovery of national econo- my and socialist construction. During this period, the new -born state saw ten major political crises （including military, economic, cultural, and intra -Party ones）. The party tided the nation over the crises, turning the state from danger to safety. It laid a firm foundation for the first socialist statewith its new economic, political and cultural policies, and creatively developed the theory on scientific socialism. In the manuscripts dictated by him, Lenin expounded his new views on building socialism in one country, the Soviet Union and promoting socialism in the whole world. The 6 - year office of Lenin also left five major problems unsolved, which would make much impact on the development and decline of the Soviet Union afterwards.