中古灾害史研究的新路径:魏晋南北朝地方官灾后救济的史实重建

A New Approach to Medieval Disaster:Factual Reconstruction of Disaster Relief by Local Officials in the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

魏晋南北朝的地方官灾后救济存在着两条并行的轨道,其一是"法内"行为,即严格的"先表后给"程序,但救灾的实效性较差;其二是"被合法化"的"法外"行为,即擅自开仓与私产赈济,却弥补了制度链条的"实效性"缺失。其中,前者是当时灾后救济行为的主流,是中央对地方进行权力控制的一种反映;而后者则属于偶然出现的特殊行为,在其背后隐藏着特定历史时空下中央与地方权力的消长态势。这两种行为共同建构起魏晋南北朝地方官灾后救济的历史形象。对于史料有限的魏晋南北朝灾害史研究而言,挖掘文本叙述背后隐藏的历史记忆,重新建构中古史完整的史实序列,不失为一条崭新且有效的研究路径。

There were two collateral tracks in the disaster relief by local officials in Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties.The first conduct which was legal,in other words the officials should report the disaster first and then the government carried out the relief strictly according to the procedure,however,the efficiency of this conduct was poor;The second conduct was extralegal but in fact it was legalized.That is to say the local officials opened either the granary of the government or the private granary without authority.Although it is illegal it made up for the weakness of the first conduct.The former was the main stream disaster relief.It reflected the government control of local power;the latter however was just the special action occurred occasionally.The rise and fall of central and local government power was hidden behind the phenomenon.These two conducs shaped the historical image of the disaster relief by local officials in Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties jointly.In terms of limited historical material of the disaster relief by local officials in Wei Jin Southern and Northern dynasties,it is considered to be an effective approach by excavating the historical memory hidden behind the text account and reconstructing the whole sequence of medieval facts.