话语与制度:洪武君臣关系的重塑与评论

Discourse and System:Reconstruction and Comments on the Relationship between the the Emperor and Mandarins in the Reign of Hongwu Emperor

君臣关系是中国古代政治史的核心问题之一,主要指向君主与臣僚间的权力分配与运作状态,双方互动方式及其牵涉的道德伦理观念。洪武一朝是明代君臣关系的生成期,关于君主身份合法性、君臣权力关系格局,以及君臣相处之道的形成过程深刻影响了后来的国家政治与政治文化,且与元明易代、明初封建诸王、废相等重大事件密切关联。梳理洪武君臣关系形成过程中的话语形态与制度推演,可见该过程主要指向两个维度:君主身份合法性的文化确认和君主集权制度框架的构建。此外,洪武君臣关系作为一种王朝早期历史记忆,在此后二百余年间,被士人群体反复评说,构成以君臣在国家体制中权力与角色为中心的不断反思,甚至发生对皇权专制极端化倾向批判的思潮。

The relationship between the emperor and mandarins is one of the core issues of Chinese ancient politics,which mainly refers to the distribution and operation state of power,the interaction mode and the moral ethics between the emperor and mandarins.The relationship between the emperor and mandarins of the Ming Dynasty is built in the reign of Hongwu Emperor.The forming process of the legitimacy of the Sovereign Status,the power relationship between the emperor and mandarins,and their way of coping influences the national politics and political culture profoundly.And it is also closely related to the major events such as dynasty alternation from Yuan to Ming,enfeoffment in the early Ming Dynasty and the abolition of the prime minister.By focusing on the discourse form and system deduction,which is shown in the forming process of the relationship between the the emperor and mandarins in the reign of Hongwu Emperor,we can find that there are two dimensions in this process：the cultural recognition of the legitimacy of the Sovereign Status,and the construction of the framework of the centralization of monarchy.Besides,as the early history memory of the Dynasty,the relationship between the the emperor and mandarins in the reign of Hongwu Emperor gets lots of comments of the scholar-officials in the next 200 years.These comments can be perceived as the constant rethinking on the rationality of the power and role between the monarch and his mandarins in state system,and even gives rise to critical thoughts on the extreme autocracy tendency.