生态旅游对农户家庭收入影响研究——基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析

Impact of ecotourism management on rural households income:based on propensity score matching method

参与生态旅游经营已成为保护区周边社区家庭重要的生计,生态旅游经营收入是社区家庭重要的收入来源。本文基于中国7省40个保护区周边社区农户调查数据,研究了家庭参与生态旅游经营对人均纯收入以及人均非农收入的影响,以期能为生态旅游经营的家庭收入效应提供新证据,为缓解保护与发展的矛盾、健全生物多样性保护制度、完善生态旅游发展政策提供实证支撑。研究结果表明:1倾向得分匹配法消除了家庭选择性偏差后,估计出参与生态旅游经营对家庭人均纯收入的收入效应为20%左右,而对人均非农收入的收入效应为47%左右。使用多元线性回归高估了生态旅游经营对家庭人均纯收入的影响,大致高估了8%左右,使用Heckman模型也高估了生态旅游对家庭人均非农收入的影响,大致高估了17%左右。2户主性别、受教育程度、是否为村干部、身体状况、家庭负担比以及耕地面积对农户家庭参与生态旅游经营行为产生显著影响。3结合当前的生态扶贫政策背景,政府以及社会可能高估了生态旅游经营对周边社区家庭收入的影响,追求立竿见影的扶贫效果往往在短期内会获得一定的收效,但是缺乏长期驱动力,最终导致治标不治本的扶贫。因此,政府要合理规划地方生态旅游产业发展,创建一个更有利于社区参与的生态旅游开发模式。一方面,让周边社区家庭参与到生态旅游经营的管理和决策工作中,在生态旅游管理中拥有自主权和决定权;另一方面,建立生态旅游参与的外部约束机制,保障周边社区的利益。

Participation in ecotourism management has been becoming an important part of family livelihood of peripheral communities of natural reserves. Eeotourism business income is an important source of income for communityfamilies. Based on the communities household survey data of 40 natural reserves in seven provinces in China, this paper studied the influence of family participation in ecotourism management on per capita income and per capita non-agricultural income,in order to provide new evidence for the influence of ecotourism operations on family income and empirical support foralleviating conflicts between conservation and development, as well as improving the biodiversity protection systems and ecotourism development policies. The results show that： （1）After eliminating the family selection bias factors, the estimated effect of ecotourism business on family income per capita is about 20%, while the effect on non-agricultural income per capita is about 47%. The linear regression method overestimates the impact of ecotourism operators on family per capita income, which is generally overestimated by 8%; moreover, the Heckman model also overestimates the ecological impact of tourism on the non-agricultural per capita income, roughly overestimated by 17%. （2）Faetors such as householder gender, educational level, and whether the village officials, health, family burden ratio and cultivated land area all have significant impacts on rural households in involving in the eeotourism business. （3） Combined with the current ecological poverty alleviation policies, government and society shall have been overestimating the influence of the ecotourism management on family income, the pursuit of immediate effect of poverty alleviation, which often gets some benefits in short term, but eventually results in temporary solution of poverty alleviation for the lack of long-term driving forces. Thus, the government should develop the local eeotourism industry reasonably and create a more conducive eeotourism development model for community participation. On the one hand, rural households in surrounding community are encouraged to participate in the management and decision-making of the management of ecotourism business, and have autonomy and decision-making power in the management of ecotourism. On the other hand, we establish the external constraint mechanism in the ecotourism participation in order to ensure the benefits of the surrounding communities.