“卢梭”反对“卢梭”——晚期阿尔都塞视域下的卢梭研究

Rousseau Against Rousseau——Study of Rousseau from the Viewpoint of Althusser

阿尔都塞以卢梭的"自然状态"为起点,思考了《社会契约论》的政治干预功能。在纯粹自然状态中,人们没有"与生俱来"的社会关系,只有单纯的心灵特性。而事件的发生则使人们之间的原初平等被相继打破。突然降临的自然灾难使人们因怜悯心(痛苦)而走到一起。随着"痛苦"的远去,人们在自爱心的驱使下结成了"不平等"的契约关系。战争的爆发(暗指反封建的阶级斗争)终结了人身依附关系,此时,人的"怜悯心"再一次"登场",人们会主动接受能够终结战争的社会契约。它既要以新的共同理想促成人们之间的持久联合,又要以"主权者"的"在场"巩固新的联合。从如何实现持久联合的问题出发,阿尔都塞展示了卢梭意识形态理论的构建与消解过程。

Starting from Rousseau＇s natural state,Althusser reflected on the function of political intervention,described in The Social Contract（ Du Contrat Social in French） by Rousseau. There is no natural-born social relation among people in the pure natural state but the character of innocent spirit. However,the occurrence of the event,one after another,often breaks people＇s primary equality. At the very beginning,unexpected natural disasters forced people to stand together out of their sympathy（ sufferings）. Afterwards,with these sufferings dying away,people＇s self-compassion motivated them to make some unequal contracts. Finally,the outbreak of the war（ i. e. the class struggle against the feudal society） ends the relations of people＇s dependence on each other. At this point,people＇s sympathy comes back again,people are active in accepting the social contract that can put an end to the war. The social contract,with the new common ideals,has to unite people perpetually and,at the same time,to consolidate this new unification through the presence of the sovereign.Focusing on the question of perpetual unification,Althusser exposed the construction and deconstruction process of Rousseau＇s Theory of Ideology.