转基因大豆研究及应用进展

Advance of Research and Application of Transgenic Soybean

转基因技术是一种以分子生物学技术为核心,对基因进行修饰、改造,从而定向改变生物体遗传性状的技术。基于转基因技术在大豆中的应用,从技术研发手段、外源基因挖掘、转基因大豆品种、大豆除草剂、种植面积、研发体系等方面对国内外转基因大豆研究及应用进展进行概述,以期为发展中国大豆转基因技术提供借鉴和参考。分析指出,国外转基因大豆研发能力较为成熟,大豆外源基因转化技术主要采用农杆菌介导转化法和微弹轰击法,通过cp4、dmo、Pat、cry1Ac、fatb1-A等目的基因的表达,得到抗虫、抗除草剂、高油酸以及具复合性状的大豆品种,同时转基因产权保护体系比较健全,促进转基因大豆的产业化;而中国转基因大豆研究多为基础性研究,侧重于基因检测和再生体系培育,外源基因转化技术缺乏创新性,存在转基因安全性结论未定、舆论环境尴尬、研发体系不完善、审批过程复杂、具有完全自主知识产权的基因开发数量少,高油、抗生素抗性等功能性基因挖掘不足等问题,制约中国转基因大豆产业化进程。今后应改革高校和科研机构考核制度、强化产学研模式、完善转基因产权保护机制、加强转基因科普与监管,为转基因技术及其产业化营造更加健康的发展环境。

Transgenic technology is a kind of technology which takes molecular biology as the core, and can modify and transfrom genes, so as to change the genetic character of the organism. The application of transgenic technology in soybean is of typical significance. In this paper, the advance of research and application of transgenic soybean in China and other countries are summarized from the aspects of technology research and development, foreign gene mining, transgenic soybean variety, soybean herbicide, planting area, research and development system, it will provide the reference for the development of soybean transgenic technology in China. The analysis of the research and development of transgenic soybean in foreign countries are mature, soybeans exogenous gene transformation technology were used mainly by Agrobacterium mediated transformation and micro projectile bombardment method, by expressions of target genes such ascp4 , dmo, Pat, cry1Ac , fatb1-A , the genes of anti- insects, herbicide resistance, high oleic soybean varieties and complex traits were obtained. Herbicide should be actively developed and make the development of transgenic property protection system perpect, promote the industrialization of GM soy; most of studies on transgenic soybean are basic research which mainly focuses on genes testing and regeneration system of cultivation, but it lacks of exogenous gene transformation technology innovation, the safety of transgeneis in conlcusive, media is difficult to decide, research and development system is imperfect, the approval process is complicated, independent intellectual properties are lack, the petential of functional genes such as high-fat, antibiotics resistance genes are not tapped well, and this limits the process of industralization in transgenetic soybean in China. In the future, so evaluation system of colleges and universities and research institutions should be reformed mode of industry, schoooling and research should be strengthened, GM property protection mechanism should be perfected, the popularity of transgenie science and super vision should be done well, so as to create a more healthy environment for the development of genetically modified technology and its industrialization.