学龄期儿童在最后通牒游戏中的利他惩罚行为表现

School-age children's altruistic punishment behavior in the Ultimatum Game

目的：探讨学龄期儿童的利他惩罚行为表现特征。方法：在广州市某小学招募正常儿童80人（男35例,女45例,年龄6～11岁）。采用最后通牒游戏（UG）范式评估儿童的利他惩罚行为,并分析年龄、性别、行为成本对儿童利他惩罚决策的影响。分别使用广义线性混合效应模型和线性混合效应模型对儿童的行为反应（接受/拒绝）和反应时间进行分析。结果：63例（77.8%）儿童进行了利他性惩罚。对行为反应的分析显示,年龄（P〉0.05）、性别（P〉0.05）的主效应均无统计学意义,而分享值的主效应有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,即仅分享值大小影响儿童在UG中的行为决策。对反应时的分析显示,年龄,性别和行为反应的主效应无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）,分享值（P〈0.05）的主效应有统计学意义,即分享值大小对儿童的反应时有影响。结论：学龄期儿童已表现出利他惩罚行为倾向,并且其行为表现和反应速度均与分享值即行为成本密切相关。

Objective： To examine the characteristics of school-age children＇s altruistic punishment behavior. Methods： Eighty school-age children were recruited from a primary school in Guangzhou （35 boys, 45 girls, age ranged 6 - 11 years old）. An ultimatum game was applied to assess children＇s altruistic punishment behavior. A generalized linear mixed model and a linear mixed model were used to analyze the effects of age, sex and behavior cost on children＇s decision making and reaction time, respectively. Results： Sixty-three （77.8%） school-age children behaved altruistically. The analyses of children＇s behavior found that the main effect of age （P 〉 0.05） and sex （P 〉 0. 05） were non-significant, while the main effect of offers was statistically significant （P 〈 0. 001 ）, which suggested that only the magnitude of offer affects children＇ decision to punish or not. The results of reaction time showed that the main effects of age, sex and behavior were not significant （Ps 〉 0. 05）, while the main effects of offers （P 〈 0. 05） were significant, which suggested that children＇s reaction speed was affected by offers. Conclusion： It suggests that school-age children may behave altruistically, and children＇s altruistic decisionare correlated with behavior cost.