美国总统制的历史起源——基于1787年宪法的辩论

The Historical Origin of American Presidential System——Based on the Debate of the 1787 Constitution

美国1787年的制宪会议制定了美国的宪法草案,这部宪法草案的制定,重新形塑了美国的宪政体制。时至今日,美国1787宪法也成为人类历史上最为成功的宪法文本之一。它不仅对于美国此后两百多年的发展奠定了良好的制度基础,甚至对于实现大国共和制树立了榜样。但是,历史的吊诡之处也在于此,这样一次对于美国政治体制的形塑起到重要作用的制宪会议,其最初合法性仍是不足的,甚至是在"违法"的情况下拟定的。依据麦迪逊的会议记录《辩论》和《联邦党人文集》两本文献,透过对联邦党人与反联邦党人的分歧和辩论,探寻美国总统制的历史源头。

The constitutional convention in 1787 made the draft constitution of the United States which reformed the American constitutional system. The 1787 constitution has become one of the successful constitutions so far. It not only has laid a good foundation to the development of the United States in the following two hundred years,but also has set an example for the implementing of the republic system among the powers. However,the paradox lies that the original legality of this constitutional convention,which plays an important role in the American political system,is lack of legitimacy or even＂illegal＂. According to Madison＇s Journal of the Federal Convention and the Federalist Papers,this article explores the historical origins of the American presidential system based on the analysis of the debate of the federalists and the anti-federalists.