“一带一路”与古代中国的内外秩序

“The Belt and Road”and the Internal and External Order in Ancient China

古代中国不同时代对"一带"与"一路"各有侧重。汉唐以国家为主经略西北中亚,宋明以社会为主开发东南海上。汉唐志在建构囊括塞内农耕区与塞北游牧区的大一统,中亚作为游牧地区的局部,被纳入汉唐大一统的步骤中。明初制定由朝廷垄断海外贸易的国策,借助海外各国对明朝的经济依赖建构天下秩序,郑和下西洋即是对此政策的施行。16世纪,明世宗固守海禁政策、放弃对海洋秩序的治理权,致使西方殖民者鸠占鹊巢式地将朝贡贸易网络纳为己用,为其全球殖民体系服务。海上治理权的丧失,为近现代中国的命运埋下了伏笔。

The various degrees of importance were attached to 'the Belt'and 'the Road'in different times in ancient China. During the Han and the Tang Dynasties,the states placed high emphasis on Northwest China and Central Asia. In the Song and the Ming Dynasties,it was mainly the social forces that exploited the sea areas in Southeast China. In the Han and the Tang Dynasties,the states intended to build a unified world including both agricultural and nomadic areas. Central Asia,as a part of nomadic areas,was also a part of the process of such unification. Early in the Ming Dynasty,the government monopolized overseas trade and made it a national policy. They wished to form Tian-Xia Order based on other countries' economic dependence on the Ming Dynasty,a case in point of which is Zhenghe's voyage to the West. In the 16 th century,Shizong,the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty,placed a ban on the country's overseas trade and ignored the right to govern marine order,which resulted in Western colonists taking the network of tribute trade in their hands to serve their world-wide colonial system. The loss of governance on overseas trade is the prelude to modern China's tragedy.