汉晋时期的黄簿与黄籍

A Research of Huangbo and Huangji during the Han and Jin Dynasties

虎溪山"黄簿"原名并非黄簿,其性质亦非户籍,而是沅陵侯国的上计簿。目前所见走马楼黄簿同样不属于户籍,内容亦不如西晋黄籍复杂,两者存在一定的差异性。自殷商以后,崇黄逐渐成为古人观念中的一种历史沉淀,黄簿、黄籍之"黄"则是这种崇黄情结的反映,与汉晋间政权采用土德没有必然联系。西晋时期,一些重要的文书以黄纸为书写材料,面对此种压力,政府以简牍书写重要文书时,将非黄色简牍如白色木牍染成黄色,黄籍之"黄"因此也具有了具体颜色的含义。"黄"的二重含义表明,西晋黄籍指书写于黄色简牍之上的重要簿籍,户籍只是其组成部分之一。《晋令》中的黄籍甚至不包括户籍,而是指户籍以外的其他户口文书,学界将其与户籍等同,导致令文的解读存在诸多矛盾。面对户口存在的诸多问题,东晋初期对户籍制度进行了革命性的改革,此前一般户口文书的内容和功能为户籍文书所吸收,自此至南朝,黄籍与户籍形成了较为固定的对应关系。

Huangbo documents in Huxi Mountain are neither its original designation nor the census register, but the Shangji registers of Yuanling Principality. The Huangbo unearthed in Zoumalou are not the census registers too and with less complicate contention than the Huangji of the Western Jin dynasty. The adoration of Huang reflected in using Huang in Huangbo and Huangji had been a historical tradition since the Shang dynasty, which is not necessarily related to adopting Tu De of the Wu De System. During the Western Jin dynasty, yellow papers had become the written materials for some important documents. Influenced by this trend, the other bamboo and wood slips were also colored to yellow for the important documents. As a result, yellow color was finally added to the concept of Huang in Huangji. As Huang had double meaning, Huangji should be the important registers which written in yellow bamboo and wood slips. The census registers were but a part of them. The Huangji in Jin Ling（Laws of the Jin dynasty） even not included the particular census registers,but other census records. Regarding this Huangji as the particular census registers leads to many contradictions in understanding Jin Ling. To confront with the problems and confusions of census records, a revolutionary reformation in household registration system was conducted at the beginning of the Eastern Jin dynasty. The normal contents and functions of former census records had been absorbed into the census registers. It was until the Southern dynasties the corresponding relation between Huangji and the census registers had been finally established.