明清时期历代帝王庙的演变与朝鲜使臣之认识

The Evolution of Imperial Temple in Ming and Qing Dynasty and Korean Diplomatic Envoys' Understanding of the Temple

明初立历代帝王庙于南京,嘉靖再建于北京,乃是遵循崇祀开国而有德行之君的原则,并以其重臣从祀。明清更替之后,清朝逐步扩展崇祀的对象,康熙末年大肆增加,乾隆中期最终确立188位帝王为崇祀对象,79位名臣从祀,成为一个重要的宣示正统的祭祀场所。自从北京再建之后,朝鲜朝天使就开始关注历代帝王庙,尽管他们并没有自由观览的机会,但还是留下了一些记录。燕行使自康熙末年以后,就有在北京游览的自由,历代帝王庙是他们必定游览的场所,他们的记录相当细致全面。不管是朝天使还是燕行使,对于帝王的选择与神位的排列,都表现出困惑。燕行使甚至对明朝诸帝神位列入庙中,表现出伤感,因为他们的思想中,唯有朝鲜王朝才是中华正统的继承者。透过他们的观览与记录,即可感受到明清中朝文化交流的某些特点;而从朝鲜使臣的视野中,我们或许可以发现历代帝王庙一些新的层面。

The Imperial Temple that worshiped emperors of different dynasties was first established in Nanjing in Ming Dynasty, and was reestablished in Beijing during the years of Jiajing. The temple followed the principle of worshipping the sage founding fathers of different dynasties and its worshipping ritual was carried out by key subjects of the court. After Qing Dynasty replaced Ming Dynasty, it gradually extended the objects of worship. The number of emperors worshipped in the Imperial Temple increased dramatically during the last few years of Kangxi. In the middle of the reign of Qianlong, the number of emperors worshipped in the temple was 188, while the number of subjects doing the worship was 79. The temple became an important place of worship that bodied forth orthodox traditions. After the reestablishment of the Imperial Temple in Beijing, diplomatic envoys from Korea began to pay attention to the records of the Imperial Temple. Even though they did not have the right to visit the temple freely, they left some records after them. Since the late years of Kangxi, Korean envoys had begun to enjoy the freedom to visit Beijing. The Imperial Temple was always among the places of their visit, and their records of their visits of the temple were considerably detailed and comprehensive. No matter they were envoys to Ming or Qing, they were often confused by the ways the emperors were chosen and arranged for the worship. The envoys to Qing felt regretful when they saw the emperors from Ming Dynasty were all included in the temple, because they believed that only the Joseon Kingdom is the real heir of Chinese heritage.Through their records and observation, we can see some features of the cultural exchanges between China and Korea during Ming and Qing Dynasty. From the perspectives of the Korean envoys, we can probably come to a new depth of our understanding of Imperial Temple.