基于道德实践的环境伦理本土化

Localization of Environmental Ethics Based on Moral Practice

环境伦理学本土化的最终目的是理论建设服务于本土的环保实践。当前本土公众在环保实践中过度依赖政府,自身责任意识不强,环保作为健康、省钱等动机的附带性后果,环境保护实践的功利性和自利性较强,缺少对公共利益和超功利的环境保护的自觉意识。公众环境意识不成熟和环保实践道德动力不足的原因反映了现有环境伦理学理论的不接地气和缺乏激发本土公众积极、广泛、自觉地参与环保实践的能力。具体而言,论证"自然具有道德地位"的理论如动物解放论、动物权利论、内在价值论、生态中心论等主要是援用西方的生态平等、天赋权利、内在价值等思想理论资源,对西方公众的道德心理有刺激但对中国本土公众的激发力度不足。论证"人具有保护环境的道德能动性"的理论如环境美德理论、深层生态学的自我实现论、分配与承认并重的环境正义理论在激发公众环保实践的道德动力方面略有优势,但还需要进一步援用本土的思想资源,譬如"天下兴亡,匹夫有责"的责任观、"敬天法祖,关爱后代"的代际伦理观、功利与道德相结合的功德观、在自然中体悟幸福的生态幸福观等思想,从本土实践中的问题出发,构建能够激发本土公众自觉参与环保道德实践的本土化环境伦理学理论。

The ultimate goal of environmental ethics localization is to serve the local environment protection practice. With excessive dependence on governments and few responsibilities on themselves in the environmental practices, the public protects environment out of utilitarian purposes instead of consciousness of public interests and environment protection. Immature public awareness and moral impetus shortage reflect that the environmental ethics theory is impractical and unable to arouse the public to participate in the environmental practices actively, widely and consciously. To be specific, theories about“nature has moral status”, such as the animal liberation theory, the animal rights theory, the theory of intrinsic value and ecocentrism, mainly invoke the sentiment of environmental protection of western people based on the concepts of ecological equality, natural rights, and intrinsic value and so on. But to the Chinese public, the argument does not arouse wide concern. Theories focusing on human＇s moral initiative in environment protection, such as the environmental virtue theory, the self-realization theory in deep ecology, the environmental justice theory featuring distribution and admission, show a slight edge in evoking moral motivation for environmental practices, but also need to draw local ideological resources to construct theories of localized environmental ethics, such as the responsibility consciousness of“everyone being responsible for his country”, intergenerational ethics of“worshiping nature and ancestors, caring for future generations ”, benefaction consciousness combining utilitarian and moral views and the ecological view of happiness stressing the perception of happiness in nature.