1Guo TZ, Jiang JY, Buttermann AE, et al. Dexmedetomidine injection into the locus eeruleus produces antinociception[J]. Anesthesiology, 1996,84(4):873-881.
3Elhakim M, Abdelhamid D, Abdelfach H, et al. Effect of epidural Dexmedetornidine on intraoperative awareness and post-operative pain after one-lung ventilation[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2010,54 (6) 703-709.
4Salgado PF, Sabbaga AT, Silvap PC. Synergistic effect between dexmedetomidine and 0. 75~ ropivacaine in epidural anesthesia[J].Rev As~e ivied Bras,2008,54(2) :110-115.
5Baiwa SJ,Arora V,Kaur J, et al. Comparative evaluation of dexme- detomidine and fentanyl for epidural analgesia in lower limb orthopedic surgeries[J]. Saudi J Anaesth,2011,5(4):365-370.
8Sadhasivam S, Boat A, Mahmoud M. Compari~n of patient- controlled analgesia with and without dexmedetornidine following spine surgery in children[J]. J Clin Anesth,2009,21(7):493-501.
2Jalonen J, Hynynen M, Kuitunen A, et al. Dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjunct in eoronaI3- artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology, 1997, 86(2): 331-345.
3Bhana N, Goa KL, McClellan KJ. Dexmedetomidine. Drugs, 2000,59(2):263-270.
4Yoshitomi T, Kohjitani A, Maeda S, et al. Dexmedetomidine enhances the local anesthetic action of lidocaine via an alpha-2A adrenor ceptor. Anesth Analg, 2008,107(1) : 96-101.
5Sluka KA, Audette KM. Activation of protein kinase C in the spinal cord produces mechanical hyperalgesia by activating glutamate receptors, but does not mediate chronic muscle-induced hyperalgesia. Mol Pain, 2006, 2:13.
6Gopalkrishnan P, Sluka KA. Effect of varying frequency, intensity, and pulse duration of transeutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on primary hyperalgesia in inflamed rats. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2000, 81(7): 984-990.
7Sluka KA. Blockade of calcium channels can prevent the onset of secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. Pain, 1997, 71(2) : 157-164.
8Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW. Animal models of nociception. Pharmacol Rev, 2001, 53(4) : 597-652.