民法总则“自然人”立法研究

Review on 'Natural Person'(Chapter 2)of General Principles of Civil Code

《民法总则草案》以概括模式保护胎儿利益,比现行规则更加全面有力,但相关规则还应修改。《民法总则草案》不仅将亲权与监护合二为一,而且将赡养义务也纳入其中,虽然简化了制度设计,但却抹杀了监护与亲权、赡养的区别。《民法总则草案》仍将监护对象的行为能力作为唯一的判断标准,有欠妥当。成年人监护对象应不仅包括无民事行为能力人或限制民事行为能力人,还包括因身体残障不便自行处理事务的人和老年人。《民法总则草案》无差别地规定了财产代管人的权利和义务,忽略了财产代管人的产生方式与身份上的区别,过分强调财产代管人的注意义务和职责,不利于财产代管人的"权责明确"。将个体工商户、农村承包经营户视为自然人仍然存在理论与现实困境,应再作考量。

Chapter 2 of General Principles of Civil Code(Draft) protects the interests of the fetus in a summarizing mode,which is more comprehensive and powerful than current rules.However the rules should be modified.Chapter 2 combines the parental authority and guardianship,and includes the support obligation.Although this approach simplifies the system design,but eliminates the difference between guardian,parental authority and support.Chapter 2 continues to define the capacity for civil conduct as the only criterion to determine the guardianship object.The adult guardianship object includes not only the adults with no capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct,but also a physical disability person inconvenient to handle affairs on its own and old people.Chapter 2 indistinguishably regulates the rights and obligations of the property managing agent,ignoring the way of producing and identity difference,emphasizing the duty of care and responsibility of the property managing agent.It is of little use to determine the rights and the responsibilities of the property managing agent.Chapter 2 keeps stipulating the individual and commercial households and farm households as a kind of natural person.pue to the confrontation between theory and reality,Chapter 2 should be under further consideration.