民法总则中非法人组织的制度设计

Review on 'Unincorporated Organization'(Chapter 4) of General Principles of Civil Code

非法人组织不同于自然人个人,是不具有法人资格的社会组织,具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。《民法总则草案》以专章规定非法人组织,从法典上确认非法人组织为与自然人、法人并列的另一类民事主体。这不仅使民事法律的规定相互协调,顺应了社会需求,也代表了现代民事主体制度的发展方向。非法人组织可有不同的分类,《民法总则草案》列举了个人独资企业、合伙企业和法人分支机构,此外还应包括非营利性的合伙组织、不具有法人资格的村委会、业主共同体、家庭农场、个体工商户、农村承包经营户以及筹建中的法人等。非法人组织可以自己的名义享受民事权利和负担民事义务,也可以自己的名义进行必要的民事活动,但非法人组织不具有完全民事责任能力,其成员或设立人对非法人组织的债务承担无限责任。非法人组织依法成立,发生法定事由时终止,须经必要程序而消灭。非法人组织消灭后,其原成员或设立人对原组织未清偿的债务在法定期间内仍负清偿责任。

Unincorporated organization is different from natural person.It is a specific type of organization and has corresponding capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct,but doesn't have the qualification of legal person.Unincorporated organization is regulated in General Principles of Civil Code(Draft) and recognized as one kind of subject as natural person and legal person.This not only makes the provisions of civil law to coordinate with each other,but also conforms to the social needs and represents the development direction of the modern civil subject system.Unincorporated organizations can have different classification.General Principles of Civil Code(Draft) lists the personal proprietorship,partnership and corporate branches.In addition,it should also include non-profit partnership,the village committee which does not have the qualification of legal person,owners' community,family farms,individually-owned business,lease holding rural household and legal person in preparation,etc.Unincorporated organizations can own name and enjoy the rights and obligations,but does not have full capacity for civil liability.Its members or establishers should bear the unlimited liability of the debts even after some periods of its termination.Unincorporated organization should be established and terminated in accordance with the law.