论人类权利行为与义务行为

On the Human Right Acts and the Duty Acts

所谓权利乃是社会主体在法律框架内享有的自由行使自我意志的一种行为权限或资格。在政治共同体中,所谓意志的自由不能超过法律覆盖的边界,且每一种意志自由的行使都必须与其他人的意志自由相协调。法权是否是一个国家或特定社会的最高权力就成为衡量和检验这个国家古典性或现代性的根本尺度。义务行为与权利行为一样都是出现在法律制度产生之后的人类社会中。如果一种意志行为,其中的理性力量战胜了各种非理性成分的力量,控制了意志的方向,基于这种心理机制的"分内"行为就是义务行为。义务行为并非出于本能或意愿,而是出于理性制导。在现代法权下,权利和义务的数量是对等的,有多少种权利就必然有同样数量的义务。权利行为是利己不害他的行为,义务行为是利他不害己的行为,两类行为的总和构成人类的全部正常的社会行为。

There are two kinds of basic common human acts in philosophy of law ： right acts and duty acts, all of which have been established with the occurrence of so-called human social political community. The right acts are one of will-liberty that is limited and must be coordinated with any other social member according to the modern spirit of law. Whether the right of law is the supreme in all of social rights is a fundamental stardard which identifies one society as the classic or the modem. Differrent from human ethical acts and the instinct ones, the duty acts are intrigued by a stronger reasonal machanism more than a non-reason elements and together make up the fight ones.