远东格局变化下英日同盟的成立

FOUNDING OF THE BRITAIN-JAPAN LEAGUE UNDER THE CONDITION OF CHANGING FAR EAST SITUATION

英日同盟之成立,乃以中国问题为背景。《马关条约》的签订与三国干涉还辽事件,引起远东国际关系的重大变化。这种变化表现在三个方面:其一,中国的国际地位下降,面临被瓜分的危机;其二,改变了列强在华力量配置,俄国在华势力急剧膨胀;其三,日俄矛盾日益尖锐。列强在华势力此消彼长的过程中,英国的在华优势地位遭到严重削弱,致使其"光荣孤立"政策难以为继,尤其是义和团运动所引起的远东危机,使英国孤立主义外交政策陷入困境。面对俄国独占中国东北的企图,英国选择了结盟。英国寻找盟友首先着眼于德美两国,尤其是德国,但英德双方利益不同,最终英国设法与德国结盟共同抗俄的指望彻底落空。而英日则从共同抗俄中寻到了结合点。英日同盟之成立是列强在中国争夺霸权的产物,是英俄、日俄矛盾尖锐化的结果。

The founding of the Britain-Japan League was based on the China＇s trouble. The signing of Treaty of Shimonoseki and the three（ Russia,Germany and France） countries＇ intervention in the returning of Liaoning Province led to big changes of the international relationship in the Far East. This change shows in three aspects： first of all,the degradation of China＇s international status and in face of being partitioned; secondly,the deployment of powerful countries＇ forces in China being changed and the Russian power becoming extraordinarily strong; thirdly,the Japan-Russia relationship becoming sharply contradictory. The seesaw deployment of powerful foreign countries＇ forces in China made Britain＇s superior status in China largely weakened and the relevant policy of＂glorious isolation＂hardly kept. The Far East crisis caused by the Boxer Movement,in particular,made the British isolation policy fall into plight. Faced with Russia＇s attempt of sole occupation of China,Britain chose to ally. And Britain＇s first choice was Germany and USA,esp. Germany. But with the difference between Britain and Germany in benefits,Britain finally failed to ally with Germany against Russia. Nevertheless Britain found the jointing point with Japan in co-fighting against Russia. The founding of Britain-Japan League was the result of powerful foreign countries struggling for superiority in China as well as the increasingly contradictory relationship between Britain and Russia or between Japan and Russia.