专政和无产阶级专政:理论和历史的考察

Dictatorship and Dictatorship of the Proletariat—Theory and the Survey of the History

在马克思恩格斯著作中,专政是适用于特殊历史时期的、有着时间限制的、不受宪法与法律约束的一种政治统治方式,是与民主及其政治设施相悖的。专政只是诸多政治统治方式中的一种,它并不等于政治统治。专政与民主并行不悖、紧密结合,是从列宁开始的,被斯大林所强化、固化,并成为苏联模式社会主义的重要特征。从对无产阶级的民主和对资产阶级的专政相结合出发理解无产阶级国家政权,不符合马克思恩格斯关于专政和无产阶级专政的思想。中国共产党对专政及无产阶级专政的理解,总的来说来自苏联。尽管中国共产党已明确提出依法治国的新理念,但一些已经不符合时代潮流与现实需要的政治符号还具有相当顽强的生命力。准确理解专政的内涵,是推进民主法治建设、开创中国特色社会主义政治文明的认识论基础。

In the works of Marx and Engels, dictatorship was a way of political ruling without constitution and legal force, which was apply to the special historical period with time-limited. It was contrary to democracy and its political establishment. Dictatorship was one kind of a lot of political rulings, while not equal political ruling. Beginning from the period of Lenin, dictatorship developed with democracy in parallel. And it was strengthened and solidified by Stalin which became the important characteristic of the socialist pattern of Soviet Union. The understandings of proletarian state power from the combination of democracy to the proletariat and dictatorship to the bourgeoisie did not meet the Marx and Engels' thoughts about dictatorship and dictatorship of the proletariat. Broadly speaking, the understandings of CCP to dictatorship and dictatorship of the proletariat came out of Soviet Union. Though the ruling party has clearly proposed the new idea about ruling by law and the new thought about democratic, lawbased, and scientific governance, some political symbols which do not meet the trends of the times and the needs of the facts still have quite tenacious vitality. It seems that correct understandings of connotation of dictatorship are the basis of epistemology of promoting the construction of democracy and the rule by law, and building socialist political civilization which Chinese characteristics.