解析印度禁屠牛令争议——有关宗教情感、经济理性与文化政治

Religious Sentiment,Economic Rationality and Cultural Politics

独立后印度的多数邦都颁有禁止屠牛的法令,宽严程度不一,其依据是1950年印度宪法"邦的政策的指导原则"中的一个条款。而是否应该立法禁屠、禁屠范围几何,在制宪会议时期就是一个争论问题。自独立以来,争议主要在于全面禁屠派要求改变部分禁屠的现状。本文把禁屠牛令争议视为观察印度国家建构和政治走向的一个窗口。本文检视了母牛崇敬在印度历史中从宗教观念上升到国家法律的过程,其中,禁屠牛条款进入独立印度的宪法直接联系着护牛议题在反殖民族主义动员中的历史。而细究争论中的宗教、经济和文化政治各方面理据,我们发现最终不得不面对的是印度国家和民主的属性之争的问题:在这里,印度教民族主义对世俗民族主义提出的最大挑战,是对多元包容原则的挑战。

Most of states of post-independent India have decreed ban on the slaughter of cattle with varying degrees of stringency based on an article of ＂the guiding principles of state policy＂ of 1950 Constitution of India. The legislation of slaughter ban and its range caused great controversies during the Constitutional Conventions where the faction of comprehensive ban on slaughter was for change of the situation of partial ban. This article regards the controversies on slaughter ban of cattle as a window to observe India＇ s state construction and political orientations. It examines the rising process from religious ideas to the national laws in Indian history concerning the cow worship; therein the terms of slaughter ban of cattle were directly linked with topics of cattle protection in the history of anti-colonial nationalist movements. By further studying religious, economic, cultural and political aspects in the debate we find out that problems of the nature of Indian state and democracy are to be faced： the biggest challenge presented by the Hindu nationalism to the secular nationalism here is that of the principle of diversity and inclusiveness.