人身自由和安全权利的新发展——对《第35号一般性意见》的解读

New Development on Rights to Liberty and Security of Person——An Interpretation of General Comment No. 35 by UN Human Rights Committee

为了进一步详细解释《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第9条在各缔约国的适用,联合国人权事务委员会出台了《第35号一般性意见》,该意见明确人身自由和安全权利的内涵和外延,厘清非法拘禁、任意拘禁的关系和界限,并对避免非法、任意逮捕或者拘禁的必要程序性保障给予了全面阐释。即使在紧急情况之下,《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第9条项下的权利减损也应当是呈梯度的,并且拥有一个绝对不可减损的权利核心区域。此外,该意见特别强调了对儿童和残疾者等弱势群体的特殊保护。《第35号一般性意见》对我国审前羁押制度的改革具有启示意义。从制度设计层面来看,我国审前羁押制度的设计缺陷在于捕押理念不分,缺乏有效的司法审查、控制程序;从实践运行层面来看,羁押措施的适用过于注重保障侦查机关的办案需要,从而陷入逮捕比例过高、有罪判决"实报实销"的实践症结。因此,我国审前羁押制度改革应当实现逮捕和羁押的分离。

In order to further explain the application of Article 9 of International Convenant of Civil and Political Rights in signatory states,the human rights committee has issued General Comment No. 35. The comment defines the connotation and extension of liberty and security of person;it also clarifies the relationship and boundary of unlawful detention and arbitrary detention,which stresses the necessary procedural guarantee of avoiding unlawful,arbitrary arrest or detention. One highlight of the comment is the emphasis on the protection of vulnerable groups like children and the disabled. As there exist defects in the current pretrial detaining system in China,General Comment No. 35 is of significance in the revolution in China＇s pretrial detaining system for a clear definition of arrest and detention and a trial-centered system with proper procedure.