病态与颓废的诗人:对民国时期波德莱尔批评中一种趋向的探源与反思

The Poet of Morbidity and Decadence: Baudelaire's Reception in the Republic of China

波德莱尔颓废诗人的形象在民国被广泛接受。许多民国批评家认为诗人的颓废是一种病态,我们的研究表明,这与19世纪后半叶欧洲兴起的从病理学角度分析波德莱尔的风潮有关。一些欧洲精神病医生试图将诗人定义为患有神经疾病的人,其中Cesare Lombroso和M ax Nordau的作品被民国批评家广泛征引,塑造了民国以"神经"、"情调"和"颓废"为关键词的一套波德莱尔批评术语。中国批评家易于接受Lombroso和Nordau的理论,与波德莱尔部分作品的晦涩、中国批评家们的留日经历,乃至希望在言谈中炫耀西洋医学新名词的心理有关。然而,如果反思理性如何迫使颓废变成现有价值判断体系中的贬义词,我们便能够理解波德莱尔的通感、人工化等理论的人文主义价值,而非简单地将其斥之为一种病态。

The image of Baudelaire as a poet of decadence was widely accepted in the Republic of China. At that time, many critics regarded the decadence of poets as a kind of morbidity, which is relevant to the rise of the trend of analyzing Baudelaire from a patho- logical perspective in Europe in the latter half of the 19＇h century. Some European psychiatrists, such as Cesare Lombroso and Max Nordau, tried to define the poet as a neurological patient. Lombroso＇s and Nordau＇s works were broadly cited by Chinese critics in the Re- public of China, which created at that time in China a set of critical terminology of Baudelaire with ＂neurosis＂, ＂feeling tone＂ and ＂decadence＂ as keywords. The aptness of Chinese critics to accept the theories of Lombroso and Nordau could be attributed to the obscu- rity of Baudelaire＇s works, Chinese critics＇ experience of studying in Japan, and a kind of mentality of flaunting new-learned western medical terms as well. However, if we rethink how rationality compels decadence to be a derogatory term in the current value system, we may realize the humanistic value of Baudelaire＇s theories including synaesthesia and artificialization, instead of simply excluding it as a kind of morbidity.