环境规制对就业技能结构的影响——基于工业行业动态面板数据的分析

The Effects of Environmental Regulation on the Structure of Employment Skills:An Analysis Based on Industrial Dynamic Panel Data

环境规制不仅会对就业技能结构产生直接影响，还会通过出口主导型外商直接投资、市场主导型外商直接投资及垂直专业化分工等因素产生间接影响。文章以2004＂2014年中国34个工业行业动态面板数据为样本，运用系统GMM方法考察环境规制对就业技能结构的直接和间接影响。研究结果表明，环境规制与中国就业技能结构之间的关系并不冲突，全国工业、低污染工业环境规制对就业技能结构的影响不明显，而高污染工业环境规制与就业技能结构之间呈现倒U形动态关系，即先促进后抑制的作用；高污染工业环境规制会弱化出口主导型外商直接投资对就业技能结构的正向效应，同时抑制市场主导型外商直接投资对就业技能结构的负面效应，而通过垂直专业化分工对就业技能结构改善的作用不显著。文章认为，中国政府应切实提高环境规制力度，保障企业从事清洁技术创新的市场回报，提高对市场主导型外商直接投资的引资规模和水平，同时，政府在制定环境政策时应体现行业差异。

Environmental regulation not only has a direct impact on the structure of employment skills, but also has an indirect impact through affecting market-oriented Foreign Direct Investment(FDI), export-oriented FDI, vertical specialisation and other factors. Based on the panel data of 34 industrial sectors in China, the paper uses system-GMM empirical method to analyze the direct and indirect effects of environmental regulation on the structure of employment skills. The results find that the relationship between environmental regulation and the structure of employment skills is not in conflict. Environmental regulation on all industries and the low pollution industries has little effect on the improvement of the structure of employment skills, and there exists inversed- 'U' shaped dynamic relationship between environmental regulation and the structure of employment skills in high pollution industries, in other words, the environmental regulation first promotes then prevents the improvement of the structure of employment skills. Environmental regulation on high pollution industries could weaken the positive effect of export-oriented FDI on the structure of employment skills, and inhibit the negative effect of market-oriented FDI. However, environmental regulation seems no significant effect on the promotion of the structure of employment skills through vertical specialisation. This paper suggests that government should practically increase environmental regulation intensity, guarantee market returns of companies with clean technology innovations, and improve the scale and level of market-oriented FDI. Meanwhile, government should make different environmental regulations in different industrial sectors.