家庭经济困难大学生资助政策正义向度

Justice Direction of Educational Aid Policy for College Students from Lowincome Family

自1997年中国全面实施高等教育收费政策以来,家庭经济困难学生上大学难的问题成为各级政府、学者、社会团体及经济困难学生家庭关注的焦点。为解决此难题,学者们展开大量的研究,其中资助正义向度研究很值得关注,通过梳理近19年来资助正义研究脉络可探微国内外研究取向、突破点及未来研究趋势。在发达国家,家庭经济困难大学生资助正义研究侧重于资助政策对学生能力提升效用的研究,以及如何构建公立大学的低学费和完善的学生资助制度,促进社会阶层流动和收入再分配,使社会不平等通过教育间接地得到改善。研究成果对资助对象精准认定、隐私和尊严的保护以及充分发挥教育作为实现社会公平正义"最伟大的工具"作用。有别于发达国家的资助体系,中国政府历经10年的政策探索,至2007年,初步形成"奖、助、贷、勤、免"的资助政策体系,政策动向与资助正义研究的重心密切相关。在政策制定前期,学者放眼国外做比较研究,聚集国内做本土化探索,合力促成以分配正义为理论基础的资助政策体系的建立,政策实施后,在一定程度上缓解了家庭经济困难大学生上学难的矛盾。但是政策评估却发现:资助资源分配出现马太效应,即向重点高校和优势身份学生倾斜,身处经济低端学生显现出资源分配校际与校内的双重不公平,政策初衷难以实现。究其根源,家庭经济困难大学生群体于教育起点及过程的不公平不可逆转,其身上所承载的教育不公平远非只是经济问题,更本质的根源是社会关系的非正义。解决之道除了经济资助之外,更取决于社会关系、制度结构、文化层面上的关系正义对待。基于此,家庭经济困难大学生资助问题未来研究将以关系正义论为支点向以下领域迁移:深化资助政策评估研究;向资助正义前向及后向研究延伸;向资助文化研究拓展。以正义资助文化培育具有民主、公平与正义品质的公民,从而实现社会公平与正义。

Since the full implementation of the higher education policy in China in 1997,the difficulty for college students from low-income family going to college has become the focus of governments at all levels,scholars,social groups and low-income family.To solve the problem,researchers have done lots of studies,and among these studies the justice financial aid needs great concern.The combination of these studies in recent 19 years can provide an angle of view for the research orientation at home and abroad,breakthrough points and future research trend.In developed countries,justice studies of financial aid to college students from low-income family mainly focus on the financial aid policy effect on the raise of student abilities,and on how to construct the system of low public university tuition and better students financial aid,and how to promote the mobility of social brackets and income redistribution so as to remove indirectly the social inequality through education.These research results have positive effects on the accurate confirmation of the finance-aided students,protection of privacy and dignity,and bring education into full play as a 'greatest tool' to achieve social fairness and justice.Different from the financial aid system of the developed countries,the government has initially formed ' award,assistance,loan,part-time job,and tuition free' aid policy system after 10 years of policy exploration.The policy tend is closely correlated with the research gravity of the aid justice.Prior to the policy formulation,researchers either focusing on the comparison of the relevant studies abroad,or focusing on the domestic studies,jointly foster the construction of financial aid policy system on the basis of distribution justice theory.The implementation of the policy solves the problem of students from low-income family going to college to a certain extent.However,the initial policy evaluation has found out that the Matthew Effect exists in the distribution of aiding resources,namely the aiding resources lean to key universities and the superior status students,which doubles inequality in inter-college and inner-college on resource distribution for those students with financial difficulties.Policy intention is difficult to achieve.Policy then turns to moral justice to remedy but ends with little effect,only appealing and slogans.The fairness and justice of the aid policy is questioned and aid researches stand still in the established mechanism design.The side effect of the aid policy also appears in high schools as the aid policy copies from the college one.Aid research needs to break through the established framework and seeks the new growing points.Tracing to its source,it is irreversible in the inequality of education starting point and process for those students from low-income family and their education inequality is far from economic problem and is not easy to remedy only by financial aid.Its essential root cause is the injustice of social relationship.The correct solution lies not only in material aid but more importantly in the relationship justice treatment on social relationship,system structure and culture level.The relationship justice theory,as evaluation system of norms,principle and procedure of new classic Marxist theory,fits the theoretical pursuit of educational fairness and justice studies of the researchers.Based on the above,the research on the problem of financial aid to college students from low-income family will base relationship justice as a standing point and turn to the following areas:firstly,deepening research on aid policy assessment,in which the relationship justice theory provides a perfect evaluation dimension and framework;secondly,extending research to pre-college justice aid and post-college justice aid.The former research focuses on the financial aid for the students from low-income family in their high school(profession)education,compulsory education and pre-education,while the latter research focuses on their job market,their post-employment inner labor market,and their inter-generation transmission;thirdly,the extending research on aidculture,including the culture collision among the main bodies of aid policies,the research on current situation diagnosis of aid culture,and the research on cultivation of aid culture of relationship justice,aims at cultivating citizens with democracy,fairness and justice with justice aid culture to achieve social fairness and justice.