A National Accounting Framework for the Petroleum Cycle:A Case Study of China

石油资源流动框架构建——以中国为例（英文）

In a world of climate change and socio-economic development, oil is the strategic resource that is closely intertwined and interdependent. Tracing the evolution of petroleum resources flow is fundamental to understanding petroleum supply and demand, and can also serve as the basis for assessing CO2 emissions from petroleum products. This paper aims to provide a petroleum products flow accounting framework that divides petroleum flow into four phases, three flows, three libraries, and two processes, and summarizes the approach to measure and analyze petroleum resources flows. It takes China as an example for empirical research, and finds that： ①China＇s petroleum production, consumption and import have significantly increased over the past two decades, and the combination of increasing demand and limited supply have created an urgent need for China to diversify its petro-leum sources globally to ensure its oil security.②Final consumption accounts for the use of most petroleum products and special attention should be paid to the losses in the petroleum refining process. ③With the exception of crude oil, petroleum product flows among various sectors has changed greatly. Particularly, the flow of petroleum products into transport and residential consumption has trended upward significantly, whereas the flow to industry is trending downward.④CO2 emission data shows that CO2 emission amounts increased rapidly from 456Mt in 1993 to 1517Mt in 2013. Previously, the top three C02 emitters were the industrial sector, the transport sector including the transport, storage and post segments, and the thermal power sector. Currently, the largest emitters are the transport sector, the industrial sector and the residential consumption sector. Finally, poorly demarcated system boundaries and incomplete databases and models constrain research on industry flows of petroleum resources for non-energy use.

石油作为现代工业社会的血液和全球性重要的战略资源,被广泛用于交通运输、化工、医药、制造等各行各业。加强石油资源流动研究,有助于理解石油在产业内部以及其他产业之间的流动过程。石油资源流动分析框架及测算方法研究是开展石油供需研究的基础与前提,同时也是石油产品二氧化碳排放评估研究的基础。鉴于此,本文构建了石油资源流动分析框架,把石油资源产业流动过程划分为4阶段,3种流,3种库和2个过程,归纳总结了石油资源流动测算分析方法。以中国为例开展实证研究,研究结果显示:(1)过去二十年中国石油生产、消费和出口量迅猛增长,快速正价的需求和有限的供应能力导致中国石油进口来源呈现多元化,从而实现国家层面上的石油安全;(2)终端消费掉多数石油产品,应该特别关注石油炼制过程中的损失情况;(3)除去原油,不同部门之间的石油产品流入量已经发展了巨大变化,在交通运输和生活消费部门呈现明显的上升趋势,而工业消费量呈现下降趋势。(4)石油资源流动的CO2排放而言,从1993年的4.56亿t上升到2013年的15.17亿t;与此同时,二氧化碳排放的前三名从工业、运输业(包括运输业、仓储和邮政业)、火力发电业转变为交通运输、工业和生活消费。此外,石油资源产业流动需进一步加强系统边界、数据库和针对非能源消费的石油资源流动模型研究等。