新疆农田施磷量、磷肥效率及磷肥品种长期演变

The Long-term Evolution of Phosphate Fertilizer Application Amount,Efficiency and Types on Main Crops in Xinjiang

【目的】研究新疆农田磷肥施用量与新疆主要农作物磷肥利用率的长期演变,为新疆农田合理施用磷肥与磷素养分高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】收集1949-2012年新疆统计年鉴及CNKI文献中,有关新疆农田作物产量、施磷量、磷肥利用率及磷肥品种的数据资料,对其随年代演变进行统计分析,并对磷肥利用率的数据进行Meta分析。【结果】新疆小麦、玉米和棉花的单位面积产量均随年代推移而增加,且明显表现为稳步上升（1949-1980）、快速上升（1981-1997）和缓慢上升（1998-2012）三个阶段。化肥和磷肥的施用量均随施肥年代推移而逐步增加,化肥（N＋P2O5＋K2O）和磷肥（P2O5）施用量分别从1979年的35.4和8.3 kg/hm2增加到2012年的376.1和95.5 kg/hm2,年递增率则分别为7.4%及7.7%。小麦、玉米和棉花的化肥和磷肥的偏生产力均随着年代推移而逐渐降低,化肥偏生产力从1979年的44.2 kg/kg（小麦）、61.2 kg/kg（玉米）和9.3 kg/kg（棉花）,分别降低到2012年的14.2、18.4和5.5 kg/kg。3种作物的磷肥偏生产力从1979年的189.1、262.0和39.8 kg/kg分别降低到2012年的72.5、55.9和21.5 kg/kg。Meta分析表明磷肥利用率随年代呈现微弱递增趋势,32年（1981-2012）磷肥利用率的平均值是18.2%（n=334）。【结论】新疆磷肥施用量随施磷年代明显增加,但磷肥增产效益却随年代推移而下降。磷肥利用率随着年代推移呈现微弱递增趋势,磷肥占施肥总量的比例随着年代推移而增加。同时施用磷肥品种随着年代推移呈现由低浓度向高浓度演替,施用方法表现为由以基肥为主逐渐转变为基肥与追肥相结合的施磷方式。

【Objective】In this study,the long-term evolution（ more than 60 a） of P application level of main crops（ wheat,maize and cotton）,P use efficiency and P fertilizer type in Xinjiang was investigated to provide the theoretical basis for reasonable P fertilizer application strategy and improve P use efficiency.【Method】Through collecting data from the relevant statistical information and published literatures in CNKI close related with P research in Xinjiang,the changes of crop yields of wheat,maize and cotton and the variation of both chemical（ N ＋ P2O5＋ K2O） and P fertilizer（ P2O5） inputs during years of 1949-2012 were analyzed,also,crop P using efficiency was evaluated via Meta-analysis.【Result】It was found that crop productivities of wheat,maize and cotton increased progressively over the past six decades,and the yield increasing tendency of the three main crops could be distinctly divided into the following three stages including steadily increasing stage（ 1949-1980）,rapidly increasing stage（ 1981-1997） and slowly increasing stage（ 1998-2012）. The application rates of both NPK and P fertilizer increased from 35. 4 kg/hm2 and 8. 3 kg/hm2in1979 to 376. 1 kg/hm2 and 95. 5 kg/hm2 in 2012,respectively. Thus,the average annual increment rates of chemical fertilizer and P fertilizer 7. 4% and 7. 7% were archived. It showed that either chemical or P fertilizer partial productivity of wheat,maize and cotton increased with year prolonging. For instance,the chemical fertilizer partial productivities were 44. 2 kg/kg for wheat,61. 2 kg/kg for maize and 9. 3 kg/kg for cotton in1979,and those dropped to 14. 2 kg/kg,18. 4 kg/kg and 5. 5 kg/kg,respectively. In 2012. Similarly,the P fertilizer partial productivities were 189. 1 kg/kg for wheat,262. 0 kg/kg for maize and 39. 8 kg/kg for cotton in 1979 respectively,those were reduced to 72. 5 kg/kg,55. 9 kg/kg and 21. 5 kg/kg,. In addition,P fertilizer use efficiency exhibited a slight increment tendency by means of Meta-analysis method,e. g.,the average P fertilizer use efficiency of 18. 2%（ n = 334） was gained over years from 1981 to 2012.【Conclusion】Overall,our data showed that P input increased significantly with years prolonging. Meanwhile,the yield increasing effect of per unit P input significantly decreased. A slight increasing trend of P use efficiency along with phosphate fertilizer application year increasing was observed. Moreover,it was found that the ratio of the amount P fertilizer to the amount of NPK fertilizer increased with time increasing. Furthermore,the P fertilizer type evolved from low to high P concentration,and P fertilizer application method changed from basal to dressing application in Xinjiang.