茯苓采后不同加工工艺模式评价

Evaluation of different processing modes for postharvest Poria cocos

为改良优化茯苓加工工艺,改善茯苓加工品质,该文首先将茯苓采后加工流程划分为"预处理"、"剥皮"、"切制"、"干燥"4个环节。结合实地调研情况,并在进行预处理环节、干燥环节技术创新优化的基础上,将茯苓采后加工工艺模式总结为3种:散户加工工艺模式、企业加工工艺模式、改良加工工艺模式。以实地大生产环境为基础开展试验研究,采集计算了3种采后加工工艺模式的人工费、原料费、能源费、工具设备费、利润、收益率等经济性指标数据;采集计算了预处理效率、剥皮效率、切制效率、干燥效率等加工效率指标数据;对成品外观进行了评价,测定了成品率、茯苓多糖质量分数,形成了品质指标数据;并基于经济指标、效率指标、品质指标对3种采后加工工艺模式进行了综合评价。结果表明:1)改良加工能够有效的优化成本投入结构,均衡成本投入比例,稳定成本投入;3种采后加工工艺模式的利润、收益率分别为改良加工1.91元/kg、18.73%,散户加工1.40元/kg、14.23%,企业加工1.17元/kg、12.43%,均表现为改良加工>散户加工>企业加工,改良加工具有更好的运营价值。2)改良加工工艺模式的干燥效率是企业热风干燥的2.95倍,是散户自然晾晒干燥的20.79倍,改良加工能够在保证品质的前提下有效减少干燥时间,保证茯苓加工的及时进行,避免天气变化带来的霉变等不良影响。3)3种采后加工工艺模式成品外观的评分分别为散户加工91、企业加工75、改良加工87,散户加工工艺模式与改良加工工艺模式成品茯苓丁品相佳。4)茯苓采后加工工艺模式成品率、茯苓多糖质量分数的试验测定均值分别为散户加工40.28%、34.69 mg/g,企业加工39.23%、27.09 mg/g,改良加工44.05%、34.79 mg/g,均表现为:改良加工>散户加工>企业加工;"发汗"预处理与真空脉动干燥技术的结合应用能够有效的保证茯苓品质。综合评价结果表明,茯苓的采后加工宜采用改良加工工艺模式。研究结果可为茯苓采后生产加工提供参考。

In order to optimize thePoria cocos processing technology and improve the production quality, this paper divided thePoria cocos post-harvest processes into 4 parts： pretreatment, peeling, cutting, and drying. Based on the survey research, the processing technology ofPoria cocos was summarized to 2 categories： decentralized processing mode （DPM） and enterprise processing mode （EPM）. The paper put forward the improved processing mode （IPM） on the basis of the optimization of the pretreatment and the drying process. Some experiment had been carried out in the practical producing environment to evaluate these 3 processing routes. This research performed the collection and calculation of data in economy, efficiency and quality aspects. The economy indices included labor costs, raw material costs, energy costs, tools and equipment costs, profit and profit rate. The efficiency indices included pretreatment efficiency, efficiency of peeling, cutting efficiency, and drying efficiency. The quality indices included product appearance, rate of finished products and polysaccharide content. Last of all, this paper made a comprehensive evaluation of 3 different processing routes based on the 3 indices above. The results showed that： 1） IPM could optimize the cost structure, the proportion of the cost and the stability of the investment. The profit and returning rate of IPM, DPM and EPM were 1.91 yuan/kg and 18.73%, 1.4 yuan/kg and 14.23%, and 1.17 yuan/kg and 12.43% respectively. It showed that IPM had the highest profit and returning rate while EPM was the lowest. It also meant that IPM had a better executive value in economy. 2） The drying efficiency of the IPM was 2.95 times that of the hot air drying which was usually used by the EPM, and the IPM was 20.79 times that of the natural drying of the DPM. The result indicated that IPM could effectively improve the efficiency in the drying process and effectively reduce the drying time under the premise of ensuring the quality. It also meant that IPM could avoid the adverse effects （such as mildew） caused by climate change through the timely processing ofPoria cocos. 3） The scores ranking of 3 different processing routes in appearance of the products from high to low was DPM （score of 91）, IPM （score of 87） and EPM （score of 75）. The finished products of DPM and IPM showed a good appearance with flat, white surface and hard texture. In contrast, the surface of EPM finished product was rough, irregular, uneven and spongy. 4） Finished product rate and polysaccharide content by DPM, EPM and IPM were 40.28% and 34.69 mg/g, 39.23% and 27.09 mg/g, and 44.05% and 34.79 mg/g respectively. The consequence showed that IPM could increase the rate of finished product and the polysaccharide content. Moreover, the joint application of transpiration with pulsed vacuum drying technology could effectively ensure the quality ofPoria cocos. 5） The comprehensive evaluation results showed that the IPM was more suitable for the processing ofPoria cocos. The research results can provide the theoretical guidance and technical support for the production and processing ofPoria cocos.