宋人的儿童观——兼论“近世幼教文化两大路线之争”

The View of Children in the Song Dynasty——On the Competition between Two Routes of Children Education in the Pre-Modern Times

宋人褒扬儿童的最常见表述是"如成人",典型的成人化模范儿童包括稳重、至孝、好学、聪颖四项品质,其中稳重一项最具时代特征,体现出鲜明的儒家践履指向,并从"弱不好弄"发展出了"戏无益"观念。不过宋人儿童观应区分理想和现实两个层面,在"礼下庶童"时代思潮中发展出理想化的成人本位儿童观,而现实层面却又能顺应童心欣赏童趣。熊秉真以程朱理学与陆王心学为近世幼教文化两大路线之争,这一说法以陆王顺应童心而程朱相反为前提,缺乏历史依据,不能成立。宋代以下童蒙领域最大的变化是"礼下庶童"与"考下庶童",二者形成的德育与举业之争,才是近世幼教文化两大路线之争。

People in the Song dynasty usually praised a child using the phrase＂j ust like an adult＂.But their views of chil-dren should be divided into two factors：ideal and practical.At the practical level they could adj ust children＇s mentality. Professor Xiong Bingzhen deemed that competition between two routes of children education in the pre-modern times of China was between neo-Confucianism and Lu and Wang School.This statement didn＇t conform to the facts,and the real competition was between the imperial examination and moral education.