公共环境治理与蚊媒控制

Environmental management and mosquito control

随着全球气候变暖,蚊媒传染病在全球范围内出现了迅速蔓延的趋势,蚊虫及蚊媒传染病已成为人类共同面临的严峻挑战。近年的研究结果提示,蚊虫种群在城市环境的分布及侵害特点随着城市化进程、环境改变等发生了较明显的变化,以往容易忽视的地面雨水井与地下集水井已经成为城市环境中蚊虫孳生的重要场所。雨水井蚊虫孳生种群的构成因环境而异,住区环境以白纹伊蚊为主。住区作为城市中人群居住生活的集中地,高人口密度及流动性更利于蚊媒传染病的传播与扩散,因此,城市住区环境的白纹伊蚊的防治成为媒介生物防制及媒介传染病防治工作的重点。城市化进程的另一个重要现象是地下车库及地铁车站数量的增加,地下环境已经成为城市蚊虫孳生与越冬的重要场所,其中骚扰库蚊、白纹伊蚊及三带喙库蚊的孳生具有重要的公共卫生学意义,地下环境作为交通运输工具空间上的中转点和终端,在疾病传播扩散中起着不可忽视的作用,需加强监测与预警。城市环境中三带喙库蚊成蚊与孳生地的频繁发现提示,随着气候变化与城市环境的改变,三带喙库蚊对城市环境的适应性不断提高,作为乙型脑炎的重要传播媒介,三带喙库蚊也应成为城区蚊虫监测与防制中需要关注的蚊种。治理积水环境是控制蚊虫及其传播疾病的根本措施,同时做好监测与预警,关注蚊虫种群及密度变化,定期开展蚊虫侵害及蚊媒传染病的风险评估工作也极为重要。

With global warming, mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are spreading rapidly in many regions across the world and producing substantial morbidity and mortality. According to recent studies, mosquito population structure, density and distribution in urban environment are under dynamical changes with continuous urbanization and the consequent environment changes. Surface sewers and under- ground catch basins are becoming major mosquito breeding habitats. Population structure in surface sewers varies with the environment, Aedes albopictus is the dominant species in residential areas. Characterized with high population density and mobility, residential areas are easier for mosquito-borne disease spreading, so more attention should be paid to Aedes albopictus control in urban residential areas. Increased underground garages and subway traffic generated new breeding habitats and over wintering sites for mosquitoes in urban environment, control measures should be taken for such environments, since urban underground spaces are always the transit hub of vehicles, which may facilitate the spread of mosquito and its vectored virus, particularly, Culex molestus, Aedes albopictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus can all be found breeding in underground catch basins. Frequent reports of Culex tritaeniorhynchus breeding in urban surface and underground environment suggest that Culex tritaeniorhynchus is gradually adapted to the new urbanized habitats, which may produce great effect for mosquito population structures in urban environment. Breeding habitats management is the most effective measures for mosquito control, qualified mosquito surveillance can help understand the fluctuation of mosquito species and provide timely warning, at the same time, regular risk assessment for mosquito-borne disease is essential for disease control and prevention.