北京市雷击人身伤亡事故特征及防雷装置研究

Lightning Stroke Casualty Characteristics in Beijing and Lightning Protection Equipment

为了剖析北京市雷击人身伤亡事故相关特征,根据1957—2015年北京市雷击人身伤亡事故资料,利用数理统计等方法分析了雷击伤亡相关特征。结果显示:有记录的雷击人身伤亡事故共65起,雷击死亡47人,受伤96人,人员伤亡比为2.04:1,平均每年伤亡2.42人。雷击伤亡事故在4—9月均有可能发生,主要集中在6—8月,其中7月最多(比例为32.31%)。雷击伤亡事故空间分布主要在北京市中部和东部,按区县统计东城区最多,与这里旅游场所较多、人员较为密集有一定关系。20世纪90年以后,雷击人身伤亡事故增长较多,且雷击伤亡事故郊区开始多于城区。雷击场所主要分布在开阔地带,所占比例43.08%,其次分别为建构筑物、树下、山上、农田、水域。雷击类型直接雷击最多,所占比例52.31%,其次分别为接触电压、旁侧闪络和跨步电压。长城和首都机场近些年发生雷击事故较多,需重点关注。同时利用1959—2012年雷暴日分布做了时间和空间对比,时间分布相对一致,空间分布有一定差异。最后根据雷击人身伤亡事故特征,研究提出一种方便安装、有效避雷的装置,以保护户外场所人员防雷安全。

According to the lightning accident data in Beijing from 1957 to 2015, the relevant characteristicsof lightning casualties were analyzed by using the mathematical statistics method. The results showed that： therecorded lightning casualty accidents were 65 in total, among which 47 persons were killed and 96 personswere injured, with personnel casualty ratio of 2.04：1 and an average of 2.42 persons per year. Lightning strokeaccidents occurred from April to September, mainly from June to August, most of which were in July（accounting for 32.31%）. The spatial distribution of lightning stroke was mainly in the central and eastern partof Beijing and Dongcheng district had the most lightning stroke accidents, which had a certain relationshipwith a relatively dense population and the concentration of tourist places. The lightning accidents causingpersonnel injury and death increased rapidly since 1990 s, and simultaneously the casualty accidents in thesuburb districts became more than that in urban districts. The location of lightning stroke distributed in theopen area, accounting for 43.08% of the total locations as the largest category, followed by buildings, trees,mountains, farmland and water area, in that order. The most stroke type was direct lightning, accounting for52.31%, followed by contact voltage, step voltage and flanking flashover. The Great Wall and the CapitalAirport in recent years had more lightning accidents. The temporal and spatial distributions of thunderstormday from 1959 to 2012 were compared, and the spatial distribution was somewhat different while the temporaldistribution was somewhat similar. Finally, according to the characteristics of the personnel casualty accident,a practical and effective lightning protection equipment was designed, which could protect the personnel safetyin open area.