汉语“音义分离”的用字现象——以“勝”为例

A Study of Isolation of Pronunciations and Meanings in Chinese Language——A Case Study of Sheng(勝)

"勝"与"胜"各有音义系统,这里讨论的不是"胜"字。汉语史中"勝"字的音义颇为纠缠。在"永明体"之后的格律诗词中,读音与意义不统一的现象最为突出。结合对"重"等字的考察,发现这是汉语史中"音义分离"的特殊用字现象。"音义分离"是指一字有固定的两音两义,使用时出现了取甲音却表达乙义的情形。"音义分离"不同于破读和古音通假。与"看""听""醒""不"等字平仄通用的性质不能混同。造成"音义分离"的原因,除了有诗词格律的限制之外,还受诗人用字习惯、方俗语影响等。

The pronunciations and meanings of Sheng（勝） and Sheng（胜） are different. Sheng（胜） is notdiscussed in this paper. In the history of Chinese language, the pronunciations and meanings of Sheng（勝） arecomplexed. The phenomenon of the isolated pronunciations and meanings is most prominent after the Yongmingstyle. Combined with Zhong （ 重） and the other words of investigation, it is found that the pronunciations andmeanings are isolated, which is a particular phenomenon of using words in the history of Chinese language. Itmeans one word has two pronunciations and two meanings. This phenomenon is generated by using the A pronunciationto express the B meaning. This phenomenon is different from variant pronunciation. It is also different fromthe phonetic loan characters of old Chinese phonology. Sheng（勝） and Zhong（ 重） are differentfrom Kan（ 看）,Ting（ 听）, Xing（醒）, Bu（ 不 ） . This phenomenon is caused by the following reasons： the requirement of the poetrylaw, the poets habit of using words, the confusion of dialects and common sayings.