近代我国学校体育制度变迁过程探析

Process of Institutional Change of School Physical Education System in Modern China

以制度变迁理论和嵌入性理论为理论基础,以1904~1937年间我国学校体育制度变迁过程为具体研究个案,将其演变过程划分为移植、发展和转型3个阶段。通过对3个阶段中的行动者、制度逻辑及制度所处环境等要素进行分析,揭示近代中国学校体育制度变迁具有＂冲击—反应＂模式的内生特征、＂移植、变通与适应＂的过程特征及＂独立性、关联性与因果性＂的外显特征等3个主要特征。它是一个复杂多变的过程,既包含由上而下的强制性变迁,也包含由下而上的诱致性变迁,是在内外因素共同作用下的渐变过程。但综合来看,限于当时的社会环境与经济条件等方面的制约,近代学校体育制度的变迁具有明显的国家强制特征,未能很好地解决嵌入性问题。

Based on the theory of institutional change and embeddedness theory,this article examines the process of institutional change of school physical education system in modern China from 1904 to 1937. The process is divided into three different stages： transplant,diffusion and transformation. Each stage is analyzed by the factors of actor,institutional logic and social environment. The article reveals that it has three main characteristics which are ＂impact- response model＂,＂transplantation,flexibility and adaptation＂and ＂independence,correlation and causality＂. The process of institutional change in modern China was complex and uncertain,which was not only the product of the imperative transition from top to bottom,but also the result of the induced transition from bottom to up. Moreover,it was a gradual process of transformation influenced by both the inside and outside factors. Nevertheless,because the problem of embeddedness had never been properly solved,the public health institution had just highlighted the characteristics of authority rather than governance.