财产犯罪的保护法益:法律—经济财产说之提倡

Protected Legal Benefits in Property Crimes:Promotion of Law-economic Property Theory

关于财产犯罪的保护法益,我国存在两种研究视角,一种是以"所有权(本权)/占有"这一框架为基础的视角;另一种是以刑法上的财产概念为出发点的视角。由于适用范围的局限,前一种视角无法为我国财产犯罪的保护法益提供一个共通的、统一的理论基础,因此并不可取。由于我国刑法上的绝大多数财产犯罪是针对整体财产的犯罪,因此可以借鉴第二种视角,从刑法上的财产概念入手研究财产犯罪的保护法益。对于什么是刑法上的"财产",德国刑法上存在法律的财产说、经济的财产说和法律—经济的财产说。从我国刑法典和司法实践可以看出,我国关于财产犯罪采取的是法律—经济的财产说。对于违禁品是否可以作为财产犯罪的行为客体、所有人擅自取回他人合法占有的本人财产、不法原因给付以及权利行使的情形下是否成立财产犯罪,都应当在分析相关财产犯罪的构成要件的基础上,从法律—经济财产说的角度考察是否存在法秩序所保护的财产,以此判断相关财产犯罪是否成立。

There are major approaches to the legally protected interest of property crimes in China. The first approach is based on the distinction between ownership and possession. The second approach derives from the concept of property in criminal law. For the limitation of the scope of application, the first approach cannot provide a common and unified solution to the issue of legally protected interest in Chinese criminal law. For this reason, it should not be adopted. Since the majority of property crimes in Chinese criminal law are crimes against the property as a whole, we should take the second approach. In terms of what is ＂property＂, three main theories are discussed among German scholars, i.e., the theory of legal property, the theory of economic property and the theory of legal--economic property. From the regulations and judicial practice in China, it can be concluded that the theory of legal--economic property has been adopted. Therefore, the controversial issues including whether contraband goods can be the object of property crimes, the case in which the owner takes back the property possessed by others, the case of illegal payment, and the case of employing rights should all be analyzed from the approach of the theory of legal --economic property based on the analysis of relevant definition of crimes, in order to make a reasonable judgement.