我国大气环境立体监测技术及应用

Stereoscopic monitoring technology and applications for the atmospheric environment in China

大气环境是一个十分复杂的动态系统,大气气溶胶及其气态前体物、大气成分及环境要素分布在从大气边界层、对流层到平流层的垂直空间里,具有显著的时间和空间变化特征以及典型的地理环境气候区域特征,影响着空气质量、气候变化.提高大气环境的监测技术水平,发展遥感观测手段,实现对大气环境的在线、快速、立体探测,对于了解大气中各种成分的动态变化过程、源汇机制以及其对环境、气候的影响等具有重要意义.近年来,日新月异的激光/波谱技术促进了大气立体监测技术的发展,以光学探测和光谱数据解析为核心的各种立体监测技术以高灵敏度、高分辨率、高选择性、多组分以及实时等优势在大气、环境、气象、空间、遥感以及军事领域得到了广泛的应用.通过光与大气中物质相互作用产生的吸收、散射、发射等过程,形成了多种探测技术,实现了对大气痕量气体、大气气溶胶、温室气体、大气风场、水汽、温度以及多种大气污染成分的快速、实时探测,并通过光波的遥感特性,在地基、车载、机载及星载多平台上对大气多种成分、大气参数进行多尺度的探测.

Human activity and natural sources have released a large number of pollutants into the atmospheric environment, which seriously influences the survival conditions of many creatures of the planet. The economy has grown rapidly in recent years; however China is now faced with some of the world＇s most severe and complex environmental problems. The promotion of atmospheric and environmental science research is imperative in solving the climate and environmental issues with which human beings are now faced. With obvious temporal and spatial change features, typical geographical conditions and regional climatic characteristics, these factors influence air quality and climatic change. Therefore, interdisciplinary research on optics and the environment is emphasized with the goal of producing comprehensive and stereoscopic monitoring technology for the atmospheric environment. Increased monitoring technology level of the atmospheric environment and the development of remote sensing observation methods, including online, rapid, and stereoscopic detection of atmospheric environmental data, are essential in understanding the dynamic change process and source mechanism of various components in the atmosphere, as well as in understanding their influence on environment and climate. In recent years, newly developed laser/spectrum technology was used to study trace pollutants and atmospheric compositions, including UV/visible/IR spectrum technology, laser spectrum technology, and optical remote sensing technology. Multiple detection technology was formed through absorption, a scattering and emission process caused by mutual interaction between light and substances in the atmosphere. This technology is capable of rapid and real-time detection of atmospheric trace gas, atmospheric aerosol, greenhouse gas, atmospheric wind fields, aqueous vapor, temperature, and atmospheric pollution. More specifically, differential optical absorption spectroscopy（DOAS） is a continuously developing spectroscopy technology, and it is widely used in the detection of atmospheric components. The Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS） has taken the lead in conducting research using the active DOAS technique, the ground-based passive DOAS technique（multi-axis DOAS and mobile DOAS）, and the airborne and space-based DOAS technique in China. A unique MAX-DOAS observation network was established in Eastern China to perform long-term observation of trace gases（e.g., NO_2, SO_2, etc.） and aerosol in the troposphere（since 2008 for the majority of the sites, and since 2012 for other sites）. This observation research provides an effective optical remote sensing technique for the measurement of distributions and emissions from point and area sources and high-tech support for emission control of pollutants. Light detection and ranging（LIDAR） remote sensing techniques, both ground-based and airborne, were developed for measuring of atmospheric components. These established, advanced LIDAR systems, most of which were first built in China, were used for measuring the vertical profiles of atmospheric aerosol, temperature, water vapor, pollution, and gases（e.g. NO_2, SO_2, O_3, etc.） in the boundary layer, greenhouse gas（CO_2） in the troposphere, temperature and ozone in the stratosphere, and wind with a high vertical resolution. According to the measurement needs of industrial areas（e.g., petrochemical industry zones and large garbage disposal fields） and unexpected spill accidents involving dangerous chemicals, the research and development platform technique of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum（FTIR） has been implemented in many field campaigns. The aim of FTIR is to study regional air pollution（including the distribution, transport, and evolution of pollutants and source identification）, as well as free atmospheric radicals and photo-chemical intermediates and production. The temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric composition（e.g., greenhouse gases, pollutant gases, and aerosols） is observed by ground-based troposphere observation networks. These networks also provide remote satellite sensing ground validation.