碎叶川裴罗将军城出土唐碑考

On the Stone Edict of Tang Dynasty from Balasagun in Suyab River

20世纪初,洛阳出土波斯景教徒阿罗憾墓志,为唐代丝绸之路考古提供了重要资料。然而,阿罗憾出使目的地"拂菻"在什么地方,目前学界尚未形成统一意见。据中亚考古新发现,我们认为,显庆三年五月左骁卫长史王玄策率使团出访吐火罗国,以王玄策为大使,以王名远和董寄生为"置州县使"。他们取道沙漠之路,途经七河流域粟特城邦、兴都库什山北麓吐火罗国,然后从小勃律进入吐蕃国。不过,阿罗憾在中亚所立唐碑,并非有些研究者认为的王名远在"吐火罗国"所立唐碑。有学者将此碑与赵明诚《金石录》所记唐高宗撰《唐纪功碑》相联系,亦不足为信。显庆二年十二月,唐高宗诏令在西突厥本土设置昆陵都护府和濛池都护府,但迟至显庆四年三月,昆陵都护阿史那弥射在双河(今哈萨克斯坦南境)诛杀真珠叶护后,唐朝才得以在西突厥五弩失毕部落设置濛池都护府。阿罗憾或为七河流域景教区大主教,故显庆三年光禄卿卢承庆将他召回长安,翌年随卢承庆前往碎叶川设置濛池都护府。显庆四年卢承庆在碎叶城(今阿克贝希姆古城)设碎叶州,以当地粟特人安车鼻施为碎叶州刺史,后来碎叶州升格为安西四镇之一。濛池都护府与碎叶州(后来的碎叶镇)不在同一治所。濛池都护府治所在碎叶城东南8公里裴罗将军城,今称"布拉纳古城"。近年该古城出土唐碑的碑额,当即阿罗憾出使西域所立。阿罗憾立碑地点之"拂菻",以及裴罗将军城今名Burana(布拉纳),皆源于粟特语城名βwr'n'。据墓志记载,阿罗憾在裴罗将军城封疆立碑当为唐高宗御碑。

In the early 20 thcentury, the Abraham epigraph for a Persian Nestrorianist preacher hadbeen unearthed in Luoyang and it has been considered as one of the most important archaeological finds forthe Silk Road studies. However, no common agreement about the interpretation of the place named＂Fulin＂ 拂菻, where is the suggested terminal of Abraham＇s diplomatic visit to Central Asia. With somerecent archaeological studies, it has been argued that the Zuo Xiaowei Zhangshi（Left Imperial GuardSecretary） Wang Xuance led the Tang Chinese embassy to Tukharistan in May 658 AD. He was theambassador and Wang Mingyuan as well as Dong Jisheng were the ＂Zhi Zhou Xian Shi＂（the diplomatfor appointing the local governors,）. Their visit had been to the Sogdian states in Semiryechye, theTukharistan, Hidukush Mountain and finally they entered Tibetan Kingdom from Little Bruzha. In ouropinion, the stone edict of the Tang dynasty established in Central Asia by Abraham is not the one erectedby Wang Mingyuan during his visit to Tukharistan. And also some scholars have wrongly linked this stoneedict to the Credit Monumental Tablet written by Tang Gaozong and recorded in the Jin Shi Lu（Catalogueof Bronze and Epigraph） by Zhao Mingcheng. By December 657, an edict issued by Tang Gaozong hadestablished the Kunling and Mengchi Frontier Commands in the West Turkic Khaganate. In March 659,after the Kunling Commander Ashina Mishe subjugated the Zhenzhu Yabgu in Shuang He（Turkic iki-oguz,in the southern Kazakhstan）, Tang China had finally completed the establishment of Mengchi FrontierCommand around the five Nushibi tribes. It is highly possible that Abraham was the archbiship of theNestorianist district in Semiryechye at that time and he had been therefore summoned to Chang＇an by theGrand Councilor Lu Chengqing. And in the next year Abraham was following Lu Chengqing to establish theMengchi Frontier Command in Suyab River Basin. At the same year, Lu Chengqing established SuyabPrefecture in the Ak-Beshim site of Kyrgyzstan, and appointed a local Sogdian person named An Chabishthe local governor. Soon after Suyab Prefecture had been promoted to be one of Four Garrisions of Anxi,and it had been separated from the Mengchi Frontier Command to a different administrative centre. Theadministrative centre of Mengchi Frontier Command was situated within eight kilometres of the southeastBalasagun（present day Burana site）. It has been believed that a local unearthed head of a stone editctdated to Tang dynasty was originally erected by Abraham during his diplomatic visit to Central Asia. Thename of ‘Fulin＇ and ‘Burana＇ are both originated from the βwr＇n＇ in the Sogdian language. Moreover,according to the Abraham epigraph from Luoyang, the stone edict established in Central Asia by Abrahamshould be a royal tablet written by Tang Gaozong.