清宫文物散佚与征集

On the Scattering of Court Collection in the Qing Dynasty

清代帝王十分重视文物收藏,特别是乾隆皇帝,更使宫廷收藏达到了极盛。然而,自近代以降,清宫文物的聚散存藏与国势盛衰和民族荣辱息息相关。19世纪中后期,英法联军对圆明园的劫掠和焚毁、八国联军对皇室财宝的抢劫与破坏,成为中华文化史上令人痛心的一页。辛亥革命后,逊帝溥仪暂居宫禁,大量清宫文物以各种形式流出紫禁城,散佚于国内外。故宫博物院成立后,清宫文物公之于世。20世纪三四十年代,故宫文物南迁及部分文物运台,最终形成了"一个故宫,两个故宫博物院"的局面。抗日战争胜利尤其是新中国成立后,在国家财政支持下,故宫博物院在清宫文物的征集、回购和追索方面做了极大努力。与此同时,超过850万件的清宫文物经由国家主管部门调拨,散藏于国内众多档案馆、博物馆、图书馆及其他机构。作为中华文明的重要载体,清宫文物被赋予了民族文化命脉的意义。

The emperors of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the collection of antiquities, especially Emperor Qianlong （r. 1736- 1796）, under whose reign the court collection reached a peak in both quantity and quality. However, modern times have seen the imperial collection periodically being scattered and brought together, closely reflecting the waxing and waning of state power and the glory and shame of the nation. Thereafter, in the 1930s and 1940s, the imperial treasures were removed from the Forbidden City and evacuated from Peking to southwestern China in order to avoid the hazards of war. In 1949, however, part of the collection was shipped to Taiwan, leading to a situation referred to as ＂one Imperial Palace and two Palace Museums＂. After the founding of the People＇ s Republic of China, the Palace Museum has made great efforts in retracing and acquiring cultural artifacts. At the same time, more than 8.5 million items from the Palace Museum collection have been distributed under the supervision of government departments, to be stored in archives, museums, libraries and other institutions throughout China's Mainland.