生活方式视角下的时空行为研究进展

Progress in research from a lifestyle perspective of space-time behavior

中国城市转型带来了社会群体的异质化和生活方式的多元化,满足不同群体的社会需求成为人本规划的重要目标,需要城市研究更多地关注微观个体的行为差异。随着城市社会现代化进程的加速和个体生活选择的增加,生活方式、城市空间与时空行为三者的互动愈加增强,生活方式对个体时空行为决策具有限制作用,导致个体行为差异的扩大并影响个体对空间政策的应对方式,因而需要在行为研究中增加生活方式的视角。本文从生活方式的相关理论、时间地理学和活动分析法的理论基础出发,综述了生活方式视角下的时空行为研究在国内外的进展,系统介绍这一研究的2个重要方向,包括生活方式的定量测量和基于生活方式群体的行为模式解读,旨在为中国城市时空行为研究提供新的视角。

China＇s urban transformation has brought about heterogeneous social groups and diverse lifestyles.Meeting the social needs of diverse groups has become an important goal of people- oriented urban planning.Therefore more studies are required to investigate differences in individual behavior at the micro level. The concept of lifestyle, which represents both individual＇s orientation to their lives and behavior choice, has drawn increasing attention from urban geographers, transportation researchers, and urban planners. With the acceleration of modernization in urban areas and increased significance of individual choice, the interactions among lifestyle, urban space, and individual behavior are even more enhanced. Lifestyle has an essential influence on individual＇s behavior in daily life, leading to increased intergroup differences in individual behavior and coping strategy to space policy. Thus, scholars have argued that more behavioral studies from the perspective of lifestyle are needed. Even though the lifestyle concept has been used in behavioral studies in Western countries since the 1970 s, empirical studies investigating the interactions among lifestyle, urban space,and individual behavior only boomed in the last 10 years and there exist very few behavioral studies from the perspective of lifestyle in China. Based on time geography and activity-based approach, this article reviews the progress of behavioral studies from the perspective of lifestyle in China and abroad. First, we summarize the two key theoretical foundations of this field. We point out that the life path-daily path dialectic in time geography and hierarchical decision model in activity- based approach are essential theory about the relationship among lifestyle, urban space, and individual behavior. Then, we further review the two trends in behavioral studies based on lifestyle. One is the quantitative measurements of lifestyle group clusters based on different indices.There are complex factors of lifestyle, including socio-demographics, urban form, attitude and value, and spacetime behavior. Space- time behavior has become a key factor to measure lifestyle. Another is to understand behavioral patterns among lifestyle groups using complicate models. Existing studies have examined the impact of lifestyle on space- time behavior in daily life, and found that there are great behavior differences between lifestyle groups. By reviewing the state-of-the-art research of this field, we indicate that lifestyle perspective can provide a new method for Chinese behavioral studies to understand the complex socio-spatial transition in urban China.