治理交易成本与农业经营组织形式演变——基于1949-2015年J市养猪业兴衰史的分析

Governance Transaction Costs and the Evolution of Agricultural Operation Organization Forms:Analysis based on the rise and fall of pig farming in City J(1949-2015)

中国当前的农业经营规模化发展迅速,这是市场竞争与国家治理交织作用的结果。本文以J市养猪业兴衰史为个案,借助"治理交易成本"概念解释现象背后的国家治理因素。"小农如何对接大国家"是中国国家治理和农民家庭发展必须面对的结构性困境。相对于计划经济时期为降低索取交易成本对农业组织采取一体化的处理方式,市场经济时期为降低治理交易成本采取了多元综合方式。各层级政府和各不同部门在治理进程中发展出多种机制,包括体系化治理、供应链治理、减量化治理以及系统整合治理。这些机制在磨合中形成推动规模化经营的渐进模式,在特定条件下,渐进模式转向激进模式,通过运动式治理导致农业经营组织形式的迅速改变。

The scalization of agricultural operation is developing very fast in China as the result of the intertwining influence of market competition and state governance. Taking the story of pig farming in City J as a case,this study takes up the conception of governance transaction costs to explain the governance factors underpinning the phenomenon. How to connect the farmers with the state is a structural dilemma faced by both the Chinese government and rural families. Instead of the integrative method adopted during the period of planned economy,a multiple comprehensive approach has been taken in the phase of market economy during the reform. Different levels of government and departments develop a variety of mechanisms in the process of governance. These mechanisms produce a gradual mode which promotes scale operation.This gradual mode can be radicalized under certain conditions,and lead to rapid changes in forms of agricultural operation organizations under the campaign-style governance.