走向“贸易新世界”的美欧关系——“跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定”的政治经济学分析

A Political Economy Analysis of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement

资本驱动下的经济全球化要求发达国家启动"新一代"自由贸易协定,美欧"跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定"是其中的代表性案例。美欧经济相互依赖度高,它们之间的贸易和投资受到的非关税壁垒的困扰要超过关税壁垒的困扰,因此协调和统一各自市场规制成为谈判的核心内容。但社会抗议和政治文化的差异同时作用于美欧内部政治层面,阻碍了"跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定"的谈判迅速地达成协议。由于"跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定"涉及对风险的认定和市场经济模式的调整,美欧双方因历史而形成的社会权利、环境标准、政商关系等领域的差异使它们在这两个问题上很难保持一致。资本与社会的政治博弈决定了"跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定"的结果。

The capital-driven economic globalization demands that the developed countries should initiate negotiations on new-generation free trade agreements. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Agreement negotiation is the most representative one among them. With high degree of interdependence between the EU and the U. S. in trade and mutual investment,non-tariff barriers have become the main obstacle. Therefore,TTIP focuses more on the coordination and harmonization of Trans-Atlantic market regulations in terms of saving transaction costs for both sides. However,the differences in political culture and the social protest against TTIP across the Atlantic make the TTIP negotiations difficult to conclude rapidly. Considering that TTIP involves the identification of risk and the adjustment of economic models,the U.S. and the EU could hardly reach consensus on all the issues involved owing to their differences on social rights,environmental standards,government-business relationship,etc.