论政府采购的法律性质

Legal Nature of Government Procurement

对于政府采购的法律性质,学说研究颇多,争议不断。由于招标投标属性与公私法划分标准对政府采购定性起着决定性作用,借助对招标投标活动的分析,特别是竞争机制的作用,明确政府采购本质上是两个独立的合同行为所构成,二者是预约(政府采购程序)和本约(政府采购合同)的法律关系。政府采购使用公共资金,选择交易对象必然受到法律的约束,预约属于行政合同;而本约按照政府采购的目的以及采购时政府身份地位的不同,不能一言蔽之,可能是民事合同或者行政合同。政府采购"双合同"行为定性之后,法律救济可借鉴德国采购法程序上稳健线状突破的操作方法。

There are a lot of research and controversies on the legal nature of government procurement. Both attributes of inviting bids and bidding as well as the dividing criterion between the public law and private law are of decisive effects on determining the nature of government procurement. Therefore, with the help of analyzing activities of inviting bids and bidding, especially roles of competitive mechanism, it can be clear that the government procurement is essentially constituted by two independent contractual behaviors, which form the legal relationship of pre- contract （the procedure of government procurement） and real contract （the contract of government procurement）. Government procurement uses public funds, so choosing trading partners is inevitably restrained by law. The pre-contract belongs to administrative contract, hence. However, the real contract may be a civil contract or an administrative contract decided by the purpose of government procurement and governments＇ different roles in procurement. After the nature confirmation about the ＇double-contract＇ behavior of government procurement, related legal relief can learn lessons from the operational approaches of firm linear breakthrough in the German procurement law procedure.