从朴素到修正:列·尼·托尔斯泰的教育自由思想

F From simplicity to modification: L. N. Tolstoy's thought of education freedom

托尔斯泰教育自由思想缘起于革命民主主义者的教育自由观,同时也是对俄国资产阶级保守自由派教育改革的批判。教育自由思想深受卢梭自然教育理论的影响,经历朴素和修正两个形态。朴素形态主张给予儿童完全的自由,儿童心智的培养和后天发展禀赋的形成需要教育完全的自由。修正形态对教育自由限度进行设置。教育自由没有外在显现的规则和衡量标度。教育自由程度应该由教师来确定,依托于他们对学校、教学的领悟。自由尺度取决于教师专业、教学知识积累的丰寡和对教学的驾驭能力,最终体现在其所运用的教学方法上。其思想价值在于对教育价值的科学定位和践行。

Tolstoy＇s thought of education freedom originated from that of revolutionary democrats＇, and indicated criticism at Russian educational reform by revolutionary conservative liberalists. Education freedom thought was deeply influenced by Rousseau＇s natural education theory, experiencing such two forms as the simple and the amended. The former advocates giving children complete freedom to form children＇s mental development as children need complete freedom. The latter sets restraints on their education freedom which often goes without external rules and measurements. The degree of education freedom should be determined by the teachers, relying on their comprehension about the school, teaching, their professional teaching knowledge and the ability to control of teaching, at last reflected in their teaching methods. The value of thought is the scientific orientation and implementation of the value of education.