朱熹的社仓法及其对元明的影响

Zhu Xi's “Practices of Community Granary” and their influences in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties

我国自隋唐以后,国家设有常平仓和义仓,以备天灾,后又设社仓,与前二仓互相为用。朱熹的社仓法就是渊源于此。孝宗乾道四年(1168),其所居地建州崇安县发生饥荒,他基于爱乡情结,乃出来劝诱富民出藏粟减价销售,以救民命。此举果然生效。熹因此在本县五夫里创立社仓,由乡之贤士大夫及富农共同掌管,蓄积的米粮都是劝人为善者捐献,遇到天灾需要赈粜,乃邀请本社的大保长与保正副共同开仓动支,个人不可徇私害公。到了淳熙八年(1181),熹出任提举浙东茶盐使,特在南康军另建社仓,并上奏朝廷广为推行。终南宋之世,社仓法推广日广,一直影响元明两代,在浙江及江西两地创设社仓更为普遍。

Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the governments would establish 'normal granaries'(changping cang), 'righteous granaries'(yi cang), and lately'community granaries'(she cang) for famines. The latter,which was supplementary to the former two,was the reason why 'Practices of Community Granary'(shecang fa) created by Zhu Xi, a famous Confucianist, came into existence. In the Forth Year(1168) of the Qiandao Reign, a famine took place in the Chong'an County in the Jianzhou Prefecture where Zhu lived. Out of love for homeland, he came forward to persuade the rich in selling their stored grains at low price to save people. His call was effective. Then he set up a community granary at the Wufuli Township in the county. It was co-managed by local distinguished men,scholars and rich farmers. The grains stored were all donated by the charitable. When there happened a famine, the heads of a township would be invited to open the granary and take charge of distribution, and no one could behave selfishly at expense of the public good. In the Eighth Year(1181) of the Chunxi Reign, Zhu was appointed as the officer in charge of tea and salt affairs in the East Zhejiang. He set up another community granary there, reported it to the throne and suggested spreading the practices around the country. Throughout the period of the Southern Song, the practices spread wider and wider, and they hadinfluences even in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Community granaries were set up more widely in Zhejiang and Jiangxi than other areas.