魏碑断代问题研究

The Study on the Age of Wei Tablets

魏碑以其所具有的文字及书法属性,可以服务于史学研究,又可以为艺术学发展提供图鉴。然而魏碑历时久远,种类繁多,不见系年者恒河沙数,亟需对其进行系统的年代学梳理,以满足于学术研究之用。以刘贤墓志为例,关注魏碑年代学问题,可以总结出断代方法凡四种:一曰观之世系,以察其源。根据魏碑追述历史人物的不同时代属性,于传世史籍中寻找他们的世系及相关记录;二曰观之名物,以察其用。魏碑中出现的朝代名、人名、地名、法制、律令及特殊名称等,可以用作断代研究;三曰观之制度,以察其变。根据魏碑记叙人物宦绩功业及特殊事件中出现的制度变化,特别是官制及地理等的沿革进行魏碑的年代学研究;四曰观之形制,以察其时。魏碑种类繁多,用以断代的形制特征可以分为两类:一是外部形状,二是文字风格,两者均具有用以断代的时代及地域特征。掌握魏碑断代研究方法,还需要保持学术研究的中立性。各种断代之法宜综合使用,不可偏废。断代之人亦须态度端正,遵守章法。

the Wei tablets can serve the history research with new forms of evidence.However, Wei tablets have so many kinds of style and a long history, so it is not suitable for academic research. This article summarized researching methods of Wei tablets age with taking Liu Xian epitaph as an example: First, observing the lineage, summarizing the origin.According to the epitaph records on Wei tablets, looking for their genealogy and related records in history books.Second, observing the nominalization, summarizing their usage. The names of dynasties, place and people; legal system,law and the special name appeared on the tablets can be used as a cohort study.Third, observing the system,summarizing the changes. Fourth, observing the forms, summarizing the time. The style variety with shapes dating can be divided into two categories: one is the external shape, the two is the writing style, both are provided with the times and geographical characteristics of dating.These methods should becomprehensively used in study with correct attitude.