上声单音名词+后缀“儿”“子”构词的统计分析

Statistical analysis of word formation by combining shangsheng tone monosyllabic nouns and the suffix of-er(儿) or-zi(子)

本文通过对相关辞书的统计,得到上声单音名词X及其变体形式"X儿""X子"在现代汉语词汇中的数目、在各自体系中所占的比重以及它们之间的比率关系。结合汉语音节的音长理论,经过对各数值的对照分析,本文认为上声字"前长后短"的调值特性使其更容易与[+卷舌]的"儿"结合构词;而"X子"的比率在受到"前长后短"特性制约的同时,其存在条件又受到其他语义规律的影响。由此可以解释一些具有充分成词条件的"X子",例如"*碗子""*手子"等,为何没有进入现代汉语的基本词汇。

Based on a survey of dictionaries,this paper focuses on the word formation by combining shangsheng tone(or falling-rising tone)monosyllabic nouns and the suffix of-er(儿) or-zi(子).Through a set of statistical analyses together with considering theories of Chinese syllabic duration,the paper shows that the falling-rising tone syllables,due to its 'long-short' duration pattern,are susceptible to merge with -er which exhibits the tongue-rolling feature.By contrast,the combination frequency of X-zi is associated with its long-short duration pattern,and other semantic features.On the basis of above observations,the reason why a number of possible X-zi combinations which may possess every potential to form words turn out to fail to come into being,like wan-zi(碗子),shou-zi(手子),can be explained.