膜下滴灌不同施肥处理对马铃薯产量和品质及肥料利用率的影响

Effects of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Yield,Quality and Fertilizer Utilization Ratio of Potato under Mulching Drip Irrigation Conditions

针对当前高产马铃薯普遍存在水肥资源的大量投入带来了水肥利用率低、养分损失量大等一系列问题,采用田间试验方法,以农民传统灌溉施肥处理CF(沟灌+复合肥1 500 kg/hm^2)为对照,研究了膜下滴灌条件下不同施肥处理,即CK(不施肥)、D1(缓释肥1 245 kg/hm^2)、D2(复合肥1 500 kg/hm^2)和D3(水溶肥675 kg/hm^2)对马铃薯生长、品质和养分利用率的影响。结果表明,滴灌条件下施用不同肥料均可促进马铃薯株高、根长、根体积、叶面积指数、叶绿素和植株鲜质量的增加,降低了丙二醛含量和SOD活性。试验同时表明,与传统沟灌施肥比较,膜下滴灌的D1、D2和D3处理促进了马铃薯对土壤养分的吸收与积累,使产量分别增加了18.4%,13.3%,26.0%;淀粉含量分别增加了10.3%,5.5%,15.1%;粗蛋白含量增加了12.9%,8.6%,13.8%;而可溶性糖则分别降低了5.6%,2.4%,15.3%。尤其是采用水肥一体化的D3处理,氮、磷和钾肥的利用率分别提高了22.7%,20.5%,23.5%。从农学利用效率和肥料偏生产力来看,磷肥要高于氮肥和钾肥。因此,马铃薯生产中需重视水肥一体化技术的推广和肥料的科学施用。

In view of a series of problems of a large number of inputs bringing the low utilization rate of water and fertilizer and nutrient loss in current production of high yield of potato,the effect of different fertilizer treatments on the yield,quality and the fertilizer utilization ratio of potato under mulching drip irrigation were studied in this paper under open field conditions. The different fertilizer treatments were composed of CK（ No fertilizer）,D1（ 1 245 kg/ha of slow-released of fertilizer）,D2（ 1 500 kg/ha of compound fertilizer） and D3（ 675 kg/ha of water soluble fertilizer）,and with farmers＇ conventional irrigation fertilization treatment CF（ 1 500 kg/ha of compound fertilizer with furrow irrigation） for comparison. The results indicated that different fertilization treatments under drip irrigation conditions increased the plant height,root length,root volume,leaf area index,chlorophyll content and plant fresh weight of potato and reduced the MDA content and SOD activity of potato. The test results also indicated that compared with conventional furrow irrigation fertilization,the treatments of D1,D2 and D3 with drip irrigation under mulch film promoted the potato on the absorption and accumulation of soil nutrients,increased the potato production by 18. 4%,13. 3% and 26. 0% respectively. Starch content increased by 10. 3%,5. 5%,15. 1% respectively,and the crude protein content increased by 12. 9%,8. 6% and 13. 8% respectively. While the soluble sugar content reduced by 5. 6%,2. 4% and 15. 3% respectively. Especially the D3 treatment with drip fertigation increased the fertilizer utilization ratio of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by 22. 7%,20. 5% and 23. 5% respec-tively. From the point of view of the efficiency of agricultural use and the partial productivity of fertilizer,phosphate fertilizer was higher than that of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer. Therefore,we should pay attention to the promotion of fertigation technology and the scientific application of fertilizer in potato production.