南岭国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性与区系研究

Diversity and fauna of butterflies in Nanling National Nature Reserve

广东南岭国家级自然保护区位于南岭山脉中段的核心区域,在生物进化史中具有特殊的地位。对栖息微环境变化敏感的蝶类是生态环境变化的指示物种,对其进行多样性和区系的研究,可为南岭蝶类资源的保护和利用等提供科学依据。于1990-1997年,2006-2016年连续多次对该保护区蝶类进行了调查,结果显示:共记录蝴蝶11科218属501种,是国内诸保护区中蝴蝶种数最多的。分布在东洋区的蝴蝶共377种,占蝶类种数的75.2%,古北区94种,占18.8%,其它跨区系分布的只有30种,属东洋区主导的分布型;国内分布于华南、西南、华中3区的蝴蝶共391种(78.04%),其它分布区种类少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶与南岭植物一样主要属亚热带成分。从自然保护区尺度的蝴蝶区系相似性比较看出,种类数和区系相似性都随着离南岭的距离增大而减少,与海南尖峰岭相比热带成分明显减少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶组分不仅有热带向亚热带过渡的特点,而且明显表现出以南岭为核心向周边扩散,暗示了南岭中段可能为我国蝴蝶的起源和分化中心。弄蝶是蝶类中系统发育过程中最古老的类群,该保护区弄蝶达132种,占我国弄蝶种数的35.68%,这可能与丰富而古老的植物区系紧密相关;黛眼蝶属(幼虫以竹子为寄主)有28种,居国内各保护区之首,这与南岭山地丰富的竹类资源有关,这些表明植物与蝴蝶间密切的协同进化关系。

Nanling National Nature Reserve（NNNR） is located at the core area in middle part of Nanling Mountains of China,has special position in biological evolution history. Environmentally sensitive butterfly is an indictor species for environment changes. The research for diversity and fauna can provide important scientific basis for protection and utilization of butterfly resources in this region. The consecutive field investigations during 1990-1997 and 2006-2016 were conducted in NNNR. The results indicated that the reserve had the most butterfly species among all nature reserves in China and that there are 501 butterfly species affiliated 11 families and 218 genera,of which 377 species（75. 2%） belong to Oriental realm,94species（18. 8%） are Palearctic realm and other 30 species are co-existent in Oriental,Palearctic and other realms. 391 species（78. 04%） are existent or/and co-existent in South China,Southwest China and Central China,while a few species are existent in other regions. These results indicate that NNNR＇s butterfly faunal elements,like its floral elements,are mainly subtropical. By comparing the similarity ofbutterflies in different regions in reserve-scale,it can be found that species number and Jaccard index decreased along with the increasing distance far from NNNR,and the tropical elements of NNNR＇s butterfly species was siginificantly less than that of Jianfengling of Hainan Island. These data illustrated Nanling butterfly fauna has remarkable characteristics of transition from tropic to subtropic,and of spreading from NNNR to its surrounding areas,and impled that middle part of Nanling Mountain may be an originated and specialization center of butterfly in China. Hesperiidae species belongs phylogenetic ancient butterfly,132 Hesperiidae species which occuped 35. 68% of all Hesperiidae species of China were found in NNNR,this may be closely related to that there exist an ancient and rich-species flora there. Also,28 Lethe species（host plant of its larva is bamboo） of Satyridae were found in NNNR,that also be closely related to rich bamboo resoures there. This study revealed indirectly that there existed close cooperative coevolution relationship between plant and butterfly.