医院获得性压疮原因分析与预防措施

Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers cause analysis and preventive measures

目的：分析综合医院住院患者获得性压疮发生的原因和预防措施,为加强医院压疮管理对策提供依据。方法采用回顾性研究收集2012年1月—2014年12月期间发生的201例医院获得性压疮患者的相关资料,进行描述性统计学分析导致压疮发生的原因、高发科室和高发部位,提出预防建议。结果肿瘤科占比最高（33.83％）,最常见的部位是尾骶部,占59.20％,压疮分期最多见的是Ⅱ期压疮,占76.12％；64.67％发生于住院2周内。 Braden评分〈12分者占58.21％,贫血者占72.14％,低蛋白血症者占75.62％,疼痛或胸腹水引起的强迫体位占26.87％,医疗器械压迫占10.95％。87.56％使用了减压垫,41.79％落实每2小时翻身一次。62.19％按指南实施了皮肤护理,38.81％经口或静脉营养支持。95.52％发生后及时上报护理部,1.99％通过查房发现,1.49％为患者或家属举报,1.00％在查阅病历时发现。结论肿瘤患者是院内压疮的高发人群,尾骶部为高发部位,Ⅱ期压疮为主,多发于住院2周内,好发于有压疮发生风险、低蛋白、贫血、强迫体位、无法落实定时翻身的患者。建议对肿瘤患者,特别是有癌痛和营养不良、强迫体位的肿瘤患者要加强预防。

Objective To analysis the causes and preventive measures of acquired pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients, and to provide evidences and references for strengthening hospital management of pressure ulcers.Methods We took a retrospective study to collect relevant information of 201 patients with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers from January 2012 to December 2014, and conducted a descriptive statistical analysis on the cause of the developed, high-risk departments and high-risk areas, then came up with preventive suggestions.Results The high incidence of 201 hospital-acquired pressure ulcers was oncology department, which accounted for 33.83%;the most common part was the sacrococcygeal region, which accounted for 59.2%;stage II was the most common stage of pressure ulcer, which accounted for 76. 12%; 64. 67% of the pressure ulcers happens within the first two weeks in hospital. Braden scoring less than 12 points that accounted for 58. 21%;anemia accounted for 72. 14%; hypoalbuminemia accounted for 75. 62%; forced postures caused by pain or hydrothorax and ascite accounted for 26.87%; medical equipment pressure accounted for 10.95%. The use of vacuum pad accounted for 87.56%;turning over once every 2 hours accounted for 41.79%. Skin nursing according to the guide accounted for 62. 19%; nutritional support through the mouth or vein accounted for 38.81%. Reporting to the nursing department timely after the occurrence accounted for 95.52%; found in ward rounds accounted for 1.99%; reported by patients or their families accounted for 1.49%; failure to report and found in the medical records accounted for 1.00%,the patient or family members to report accounted for 1.49%. Conclusions Cancer patients are high-risk groups of nosocomial pressure ulcers. The sacrococcygeal region is the high-risk area;stage II is the most common stage, and most of them happens within the first 2 weeks in hospital. Main reasons are hypoalbuminemia, anemia, forced postures, unable to turn over periodically, and the preventive care implementation is not enough. For cancer patients, preventive care is recommended, especially those patients with cancer pain, malnutrition and forced postures.